African American Social Standings Essay -- Slavery Afircan Americans E

This research paper will discuss the African the Statesn social standing in America throughout history. It will discuss the highs and lows and the pros and cons of the progression and to a fault the different periods that African Americans lived through since they were brought to America. The progression of African Americans in America began with a practice called slavery. Slavery is the state of a person who is the chattel of another. It began in 1441 when Portuguese men kidnapped 12 black Africans from Cabo Blanco and moved them to Portugal. This exposed the door to slavery in the Americas. A British statesman stated that Slavery is a weed that grows on every soil. The first African Americans slaves in America were brought to Jamestown, Virginia as servants and or slaves in August 1619. In order for slavery to work Africans had to made to seem inferior, one of the main an most common ship canal to show this was through religious racism ( Aretha, David pg. 21 ) The practice of sla very was then sent to the south were they were put on plantations. Plantations consisted of a large foyer like home surrounded by a large farm where slaves planted and harvested crops and performed other jobs which they weren?t paid for. While on the plantation the slaves called the owner Master or Mistress, they provided the slaves with food housing and clothing.( David Brion Davis, World Book online... Slavery) While on these plantations legion(predicate) of the slaves faced severe consequence for disobedience. They received consequences for not work hard or fast enough, they would also be used as an example in order to control the others. Their harsh punishment would include branding, whipping, mutilation, chaining and sometimes the harshest punishment of all cold blooded murder. Slavery was one of the worst periods in American history. During this period of slavery there were few revolts but many runaways. While slavery continued to spread and get more brutal in the South, t he North disagreed with the idea of free labor. Their difference fueled the abolitionist movement. The abolitionist Movement was the first movement that lead to the African Americans? political and physical freedoms from slavery. ?Antislavery activity began in colonial days. During the 1680s, Quakers in Pennsylvania condemned slavery on example grounds. In the late 1700s, several leaders of the American revolut... ...han the Non Violent Movement. Front runners like Malcolm X and other influential faces such as Huey P. Newton and bud Siegel who together formed the Black Panthers all believed that the white man was the problem and that in order to win equal rights that African Americans needed to start scrap fire with fire and bullets with bullets instead of the more passive ways of Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. ( Aretha, Chronicles pr. 261-300)In conclusion I believe that the law has provided African Americans with equal rights as whites but I believe that they may still appear not to be equal. In the 21st century I belive and have intercourse that there are many laws that seem to make African Americans and white equals but there is still much discrimination in the world. I also believe that the racism is not as bad but still exist, it just isn?t as blatant and in your face as it was in the past. African Americans still have trouble getting jobs, being accepted into organizations and colleges or university, But I do believe that we have made a 900 degree turn from the time where ?Colored? and ?White? signs decorated the front of every doorway, restroom and waterfountian in the southern U.S

Horror and Self-punishment in Sophocles Oedipus Rex Essay -- Oedipus

Horror and Self-punishment in Sophocles Oedipus Rex An ancient plate portraying Oedipus listening to the riddle of the Sphinx. Oedipus Rex is a dally whose qualities of inscrutability and of pervasive irony quickly come to pose any critical discussion. It is a play of transformations in which things change before our eyes as we watch where meanings and implications seem to be half-glimpsed beneath the surface of the textbook only to vanish as we try to take them in and where ironical resemblance and reflections abound to confuse our response. The play encourages us to make connections and to draw emerge implications that in the end we are forced to reassess, to question and perhaps abandon.The plays meaning through two oppositions is defined by its stage action and its language, are replicate and complimentary to each other. The play is, in a way that determines our response to its meaning, a sequential experience. Our response is shaped through the duration of its performance. The opening of the play presents us with a gathering, the old and the young, no women, no fully adult males, so that Oedipus is, at once, magnified and isolated. His calm authority is overwhelming and majestic. But on what does Oedipus authority rest? There is a crucial uncertainty here. The opening scenes present us with an image of Oedipus as a political figure, a world king whose power derives from the community he rules, whose perceptions and whose feelings are indissoluble bound up with the experience of the men of Thebes, whose language he speaks and where he belongs.We are move aside as a gathering panic occupies Oedipus mind at hearing mention of a place he remembers, where he once killed a man. If that man was Laius, Oedipus s... ...e vain attempts of mankind to escape the evil that threatens them. There is an unmistakable indication in the text of Sophocles tragedy itself that the legend of Oedipus sprang from some primeval dream-material that had as its content the dis tressing disturbance of a childs relation to his parents owing to the first stirring of sexuality. At a point when Oedipus, though he is not til now enlightened, has begun to feel troubled by his recollections of the oracle, Jocasta consoles him by referring to a dream, as she thinks, it has no meaning. It is clearly the key to the tragedy and the complement to the dream of the dreamers father being dead. The yarn of Oedipus is the reaction of the imagination to these typical dreams. And just as the dreams, when dreamt by adults, are accompanied by feelings of repulsion, so too the legend must include annoyance and self-punishment.

Pesticides: Feeding the World Essay -- Farming Food Science Papers

Pesticides Feeding the WorldEvery day, new worries arise concerning over-population and the future of earth. People are afraid of famishment and endemic diseases. The problem with present food production is not of land shortage, but of yields too low to feed a doubled world population. go down geneticists are creating hybrid plants that have higher yields and more resistance to unwanted and harmful organisms. Even with the new plants, pesticides must be applied to reap the hybrids bountiful potential. What follows is some common misconceptions about pesticides and their use. Humans ingest about 10,000 times more pictorially occurring pesticides than they do man-made ones. In fact, the risk you expose yourself to by drinking a daily glass of apple juice from fruit treated with the pesticide Alar is 58 times little than the hazard of consuming natural carcinogens in one mushroom. Pesticide residues remain only on the surface of produce. They are not absorbed by fruits or vegetable s. Rinsing with clear running irrigate will remove most of any trace residues. Organic food growers often use pesticides derived from natural sources to protect their crops. Many man-made pesticides are less toxic than naturally-occurring ones. Without the availability of crop protection products, it is estimated that current world fruit and vegetable production would decline by as much as 40% and fruit and vegetable prices would increase by up to 70% (Crop Protection Institute, 1997). Even with todays technology, food production would be considerably lower and the number of individuals torture from malnutrition would be dramatically increased if pesticides were not used. Changes in Farming Farming has changed and advanced incredibly in the last tw... ...Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. (1997). The Pros and Cons of Pesticides Online. Available http//www.ns.ec.gc.ca/epb/factsheets/pesticides/pro_con.html 1997, September 28. Avery, Dennis T. (1995, June). How Pesticides Help oppo se Cancer. Consumers Research Magazine, pp. 11-12. Byrd, John D. Jr., Ph.D., David R. Shaw, Eric P. Webster (1997). PesticidesBenefits and Risks Online. http//www.ces.msstate.edu/pubs/pub1962.htm 1997, October 7. Crop Protection Institute. (1997). Facts & History of Pesticides Online. http//www.cropro.org/history.html 9/16/97. Hastings, John. (1993, September). Do Pesticides on Fruits and Vegetables Threaten Children?. Health, p. 12. Riviere, Jim E. (1994, August 8). Stop Worrying and Eat Your Salad. Newsweek, p. 8. Spencer, Leslie. (1993, October 25). Ban completely Plants-They Pollute. Forbes, pp. 104-108.

Dimitri Shostakovich Essay -- essays research papers fc

Dmitri ShostakovichDmitri Shostakovich, born on September 25, 1905, started taking piano lessons from his mother at the age of nine after he showed reside in a string quartet that practiced next door. He entered the Petrograd (formerly St. Petersburg, later Leningrad) Conservatory in 1919, where he studied the piano with Leonid Nikolayev until 1923 and composition until 1925 with Aleksandr Glazunov and Maksimilian Steinberg. He participated in the Chopin International Competition for Pianists in Warsaw in 1927 and received an honorable mention, after which he decided to limit his public performances to his own working to separate himself from the virtuoso pianists.Prior to the competition, he had had a far greater success as a composer with the First Symphony (1924-25), which quickly achieved worldwide recognition. The philharmonic was influenced by composers as diverse as Tchaikovsky, Paul Hindemith, and Sergey Prokofiev. The cultural climate in the Soviet magnetic north was, c ompared to the Soviet Union at its peak, free at the time. Even the music of Igor Stravinsky and Alban Berg, then in the avant-garde, was played. Bela Bartok and Paul Hindemith visited Russia to perform their own works, and Shostakovich toyed openly with these novelties. His first opera, The Nose, ground on the satiric Nikolay Gogol story, displayed a thorough taking into custody of what was familiar in Western music combined with his "dry" humor. Not surprisingly, Shostakovichs undoubtedly finer jiffy opera, Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk territorial dominion (later renamed Katerina Izmaylova), marked a rhetorical retreat. However, this new Shostakovich was too avant-garde for Stalin. In 1928, Joseph Stalin inaugurated his First Five-Year Plan, an "iron hand fastened on Soviet culture," (Johnson) and in music a direct and popular style was demanded. Avant-garde music and jazz were banished, and for a while even Tchaikovsky was looked down upon. Shostakovich remai ned in uncorrupted favor for a time, but it has been said that it was Stalins individual(prenominal) anger at what he heard when he attended a performance of Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District in 1936 that sparked the official condemnation of the opera and of its creator. The charge of the opera was based around murder, conspiracy, and trickery, all of which were the worst things that a Russian could speak of. Shostakovich was brutally attacked in ... ...obert Dearling. The Music of Dmitri Shostakovich the symphonies. Tantivy Press, 1979Brown, Royal S. Interview with Shostakovich. High Fidelity, 23 (October 1973).Fanning, David. The Breath of the Symphonist Shostakovichs Tenth. Royal musical comedy Association, 1988.Fay, Laurel E. Shostakovich vs. Volkov whose Testimony? The Russian Review (October 1980), pp. 484-93.Johnson, Priscilla and Leopold Labdez (eds.). Khrushchev and the Arts the government activity of Soviet Culture, 1962-64. MIT Press, 1965.Kay, Norman. Dmitri Sho stakovich. Oxford University Press, 1972.MacDonald, Ian. The New Shostakovich. Northeastern University Press, 1990.Norris, Christopher. Bibliography of Russian Composers. etiolated Lion, 1976.Olkhovsky, Andrei. Music under the Soviets the agony of an art. Praeger, 1955.Salisbury, Harrison. A Visit with Dmitri Shostakovich. New York Times, 8 August 1954.Schwartz, Boris. Music and Musical Life in Soviet Russia, 1917-1981. 2nd edition. inch University Press, 1983.Sollertinsky, Dmitri and Ludmilla. Pages from the Life of Dmitri Shostakovich. Hale, 1981.Volkov, Solomon (ed.). Testimony the memoirs of Dmitri Shostakovich. Harper &amp Row, 1979. Dimitri Shostakovich Essay -- essays research papers fc Dmitri ShostakovichDmitri Shostakovich, born on September 25, 1905, started taking piano lessons from his mother at the age of nine after he showed interest in a string quartet that practiced next door. He entered the Petrograd (formerly St. Petersburg, later Leningrad) Conservatory in 1919, where he studied the piano with Leonid Nikolayev until 1923 and composition until 1925 with Aleksandr Glazunov and Maksimilian Steinberg. He participated in the Chopin International Competition for Pianists in Warsaw in 1927 and received an honorable mention, after which he decided to limit his public performances to his own works to separate himself from the virtuoso pianists.Prior to the competition, he had had a far greater success as a composer with the First Symphony (1924-25), which quickly achieved worldwide recognition. The symphony was influenced by composers as diverse as Tchaikovsky, Paul Hindemith, and Sergey Prokofiev. The cultural climate in the Soviet Union was, compared to the Soviet Union at its peak, free at the time. Even the music of Igor Stravinsky and Alban Berg, then in the avant-garde, was played. Bela Bartok and Paul Hindemith visited Russia to perform their own works, and Shostakovich toyed openly with these novelties. His first opera, The Nose, based on the satiric Nikolay Gogol story, displayed a thorough understanding of what was popular in Western music combined with his "dry" humor. Not surprisingly, Shostakovichs undoubtedly finer second opera, Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District (later renamed Katerina Izmaylova), marked a stylistic retreat. However, this new Shostakovich was too avant-garde for Stalin. In 1928, Joseph Stalin inaugurated his First Five-Year Plan, an "iron hand fastened on Soviet culture," (Johnson) and in music a direct and popular style was demanded. Avant-garde music and jazz were banished, and for a while even Tchaikovsky was looked down upon. Shostakovich remained in good favor for a time, but it has been said that it was Stalins personal anger at what he heard when he attended a performance of Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District in 1936 that sparked the official condemnation of the opera and of its creator. The focus of the opera was based around murder, conspiracy, and trickery, all of which were the worst things that a Russian could speak of. Shostakovich was brutally attacked in ... ...obert Dearling. The Music of Dmitri Shostakovich the symphonies. Tantivy Press, 1979Brown, Royal S. Interview with Shostakovich. High Fidelity, 23 (October 1973).Fanning, David. The Breath of the Symphonist Shostakovichs Tenth. Royal Musical Association, 1988.Fay, Laurel E. Shostakovich vs. Volkov whose Testimony? The Russian Review (October 1980), pp. 484-93.Johnson, Priscilla and Leopold Labdez (eds.). Khrushchev and the Arts the politics of Soviet Culture, 1962-64. MIT Press, 1965.Kay, Norman. Dmitri Shostakovich. Oxford University Press, 1972.MacDonald, Ian. The New Shostakovich. Northeastern University Press, 1990.Norris, Christopher. Bibliography of Russian Composers. White Lion, 1976.Olkhovsky, Andrei. Music under the Soviets the agony of an art. Praeger, 1955.Salisbury, Harrison. A Visit with Dmitri Shostakovich. New York Times, 8 August 1954.Schwartz , Boris. Music and Musical Life in Soviet Russia, 1917-1981. 2nd edition. Indiana University Press, 1983.Sollertinsky, Dmitri and Ludmilla. Pages from the Life of Dmitri Shostakovich. Hale, 1981.Volkov, Solomon (ed.). Testimony the memoirs of Dmitri Shostakovich. Harper &amp Row, 1979.

Birkenstocks Essay examples -- Shoes Fashion History Essays

BirkenstocksWhen Birkenstocks germ up in casual conversation one is sure to hear remarks about hippies, granola, the environment, and what ugly shoes many still cipher they are. However the history of Birkenstocks in the US has come a long way in the past 30 years. From its start as the home condescension of Margot Fraser these shoes have moved from being sold in health food stores, to the prominent spaces in occupies today in establishments like Nordstrom and L.L. Bean.Birkenstock achieved acceptance, popularity, and great pecuniary profit in the mainstream US market, but how far has it strayed from its roots of a small family business, based on creating an orthopedic shoe, crafted by skilled laborers? If we followed a pas de deux of Birkenstocks back to the place of their origin would the proud parents still be German? Or would the different components that make up one of todays most popular sandals come from varied sources? In chasing Birkenstocks back to their source I have found some of these answers, but still have many questions. I have traced the yield back to its original source as far as possible most of the information beyond their manufacture in Germany seems to be restricted change over knowledge and unavailable to the public. This has prompted me to look more at the history of Birkenstock as a small family business, and its current US marketing strategies. A short repeat of history is the best way to start the Birkenstock chase, beginning with Johann Adam Birkenstock in 1774.The First BIRKENSTOCK A family affair Johann Birkenstock, resident of a small German village, was registered in the church archives as a subject and shoemaker in 1774. By 1897 his grandson Konrad Birkenstock designed the first shoe for use b... ...ry/bstory.htmlEskenazi, Joe. Birkenstock Stands on Solid Footing. The daily Californian 9 October 1996 np,archives. Online. Internet. ProQuest Direct. 23 Nov. 1997. Available http//www.dailycal.org/archive/09.09.96/birkenst ock.txtSacks, Diane Dorrans. Joining the establishment Birkenstock is reinventing itself with a sophisticated new flagship. Footwear News 53.39 (1997) 12. Online. Internet. Infotrac. 24 Nov. 1997. Available htpp//sweb3.med.iacnet.com/infotsion/197/217/9639942/4xrn_l&bkm_4 Skelly, Jessica. Getting the Boot at Birkenstock. Fortune 131. 9 (1995) 28. Online. Internet. Infotrac.24 Nov. 1997. Availablehttp//sbweb3.med.iacnet. com/infoton/197/217/9639942/10xrn_1&bkm_10Sunoo, Brenda Paik. Birkenstock Braces To Fight the Competition. Personnel Journal 73.8 (1994) 68-70. Online. Internet. ProQuest Direct. 23 Nov. 1997

Birkenstocks Essay examples -- Shoes Fashion History Essays

BirkenstocksWhen Birkenstocks come up in casual conversation peerless is sure to hear remarks about hippies, granola, the environment, and what ugly property umteen still think they are. However the history of Birkenstocks in the US has come a long way in the past 30 years. From its surface as the home business of Margot Fraser these shoes have moved from being sold in health food stores, to the prominent spaces in occupies today in establishments like Nordstrom and L.L. Bean.Birkenstock achieved acceptance, popularity, and great financial profit in the mainstream US market, but how far has it strayed from its roots of a small family business, based on creating an orthopedic shoe, crafted by skilled laborers? If we followed a pair of Birkenstocks back to the place of their origin would the proud parents still be German? Or would the different components that make up one of todays most popular sandals come from varied sources? In chasing Birkenstocks back to their source I have fou nd some of these answers, but still have many questions. I have traced the product back to its original source as far as possible most of the information beyond their manufacture in Germany seems to be restricted trade knowledge and unavailable to the public. This has prompted me to look more at the history of Birkenstock as a small family business, and its current US merchandise strategies. A short recap of history is the best way to start the Birkenstock chase, beginning with Johann Adam Birkenstock in 1774.The First BIRKENSTOCK A family affair Johann Birkenstock, resident of a small German village, was registered in the church archives as a subject and shoemaker in 1774. By 1897 his grandson Konrad Birkenstock designed the first shoe for using up b... ...ry/bstory.htmlEskenazi, Joe. Birkenstock Stands on Solid Footing. The Daily Californian 9 October 1996 np,archives. Online. Internet. ProQuest Direct. 23 Nov. 1997. Available http//www.dailycal.org/archive/09.09.96/birkenstock .txtSacks, Diane Dorrans. Joining the establishment Birkenstock is reinventing itself with a sophisticated new flagship. Footwear tidings 53.39 (1997) 12. Online. Internet. Infotrac. 24 Nov. 1997. Available htpp//sweb3.med.iacnet.com/infotsion/197/217/9639942/4xrn_l&bkm_4 Skelly, Jessica. Getting the Boot at Birkenstock. Fortune 131. 9 (1995) 28. Online. Internet. Infotrac.24 Nov. 1997. Availablehttp//sbweb3.med.iacnet. com/infoton/197/217/9639942/10xrn_1&bkm_10Sunoo, Brenda Paik. Birkenstock Braces To Fight the Competition. Personnel ledger 73.8 (1994) 68-70. Online. Internet. ProQuest Direct. 23 Nov. 1997

A Stakeholder View of Strategic Management in Chinese Firms

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BUSINESS STUDIES VOL 15, NO1, JUNE 2007 pages 1 of 13 A STAKEHOLDER survey OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT IN CHINESE FIRMS Dr Xueli Huang1 Dr Scott Gardner2 Despite the fact that chinaw ar has emerged as a driving force of the world economy over the last decade, little research has been undertaken into how Chinese tautens strategically manage their communication channeles.This paper recrudesces a metaphysical framework of strategic counselling in the Chinese firms through re take hold ofing and synthesising five strategic perspectives that ar relevant to the Chinese context the Industry construction enchant (ISV), Re root systems-Based muckle (RBV), Institutional View (IV), Relational View (RV), and Stakeholder View (SHV). We elaborate the relevance of the SHV in the Chinese context and its relationships with other strategic perspectives. Finally, we quip several managerial and research implications establish on the theory-based framework developed.Key Words strategic vigilance, Chinese firms, stakeholder perspective I. INTRODUCTION One of the around significant evolutions in the ball-shaped economy is the re-emergence of mainland China as a major driving force of the world economy. Since the implementation of the open-door, commercialize-oriented policies in 1979, China has quadrupled its gross interior(prenominal) product and sustained a significant average growth rate of over 9 per cent. The foreign direct investment (FDI) in China in 2004 amounted to US$ 60 billions, do China the biggest FDI destination country over three consecutive years from 2002.Chinese organisations now compete fiercely in domestic markets, and the international trade arena, with the value of Chinas international trade accounting for over 70 percent of its GDP in 2004. The Chinese obligate overly expanded their backing operations to other countries as illustrated by the recent examples such as the Levono, Chinas largest Personal Computer (PC) ma nufacturing company, acquiring IBMs PC division, and the unsuccessful bid of China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC), Chinas third largest petroleum company, for Unocal, the ninth largest oil company in the USA.Despite the important role played by the Chinese economy in general, and Chinese firms in specific, in the global economy, China has been considered as one of the virtually underresearched regions in the world (Tsui, Schoonhoven, Meyer, Lau, & Milkovich, 2004). Although interest from executives, academics and media on Chinese business concern matters has 1 Dr Xueli Huang is Senior Lecturer at the naturalize of focussing, Edith Cowan University. netmail x. emailprotected edu. au 2 Dr Scott Gardner is Associate Professor at Murdoch University. Email s. emailprotected edu. au 1A stakeholder view of strategic focal turn on in Chinese firms change magnitude dramatically over the noncurrent several years, little research effort has been devoted to studying the str ategic focussing of Chinese organisations. This paper investigates strategic perplexity in Chinese organisations. In doing so, an attempt is made to integrate the current literature on strategic centering, focusing on the two dominant perspectives of the foregone twenty years the Industry Structure View (ISV) (Porter, 1979) and the Resource Based View (RBV) (Barney, 1997 Prahalad & Hamel, 1990 Wernerfelt, 1984).It also examines Post, Preston and Sachs (2002) conceptual schema of complementary perspectives for strategic analysis of twenty-first century incarnate environments the Stakeholder View (SHV). In attempting to make sense of increased strategic complexity and the primordial role of networks of benevolent relationships in shaping stinting action at law in Eastern (notably Chinese) and Hesperian markets, our analysis will call upon the ISV, RBV and SHV with additional reference to other contemporary strategic perspectives including the Relational View (RV)(Dyer & Sin gh, 1998), and the Institution-Based View (IBV) (Peng, 2002).By focusing these lenses on how business is conducted in the cultural context and commercial environment of China, this paper aims to 1) enhance concord of why and how the strategic behaviours of Chinese managers differ from those of occidental managers? 2) justify why the SHV is relevant to Chinese management practice and 3) develop an integrated theoretical framework that can be employ for guiding future research into the unique characteristics of strategic management in Chinese organizations. II. LITERATURE REVIEWThe Industry-Structure and Resource Based Views How firms be run through and what determines a firms performance in international competition are two of four fundamental issues in strategic management (Rumelt, Schendel, & Teece, 1994). Searching for sources of hawkish payoff has been a key theme for strategy researchers and business managers over the past five decades. Consequently, a number of strategic management views or thoughts abide emerged that explain either sources of competitive advantage or how firms form strategy (Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, & Lampel, 1998).The ISV and RBV are two prominent views that have endured in the literature and in practice despite significant reconfiguration of global market boundaries and technologies over the decade to 2006. The fundamental assumption of ISV proposed by Porter (1979) is that a firms performance is primarily primed(p) by the environment, including both macro environment and patience environment within which it operates. These two broad manipulates of environmental factors firmly bias the attractiveness of a flummox for a firm to occupy.As such, a firm uses its market personnel, or in Williamsons (1991) terms, strategizing, as a primary means to generating supernormal returns or achieving competitive advantage. The second prominent perspective of strategic management is the RBV proposed by Wernerfelt (1984) and subsequently developed by strategic scholars, just about notably by Barney (1986 1997), Rumelt (1984) and Teece and his colleagues (1997). The RBV 2 global Journal of Business Studies argues that a firms competitive advantage is primarily based on the heterogeneity of the key resources and capabilities it owns or controls, peculiarly those that are difficult to mobilise. It is the heterogeneity and immobility of these unique resources and core competence that earn a firms supernormal rents. In Williamstons term, firms adopting this rise are economizing (Williamson, 1991).Although the RBV has been widely used in strategic literature, its contribution to the theoretical development has been recently challenged (Priem & Butler, 2001). The Relational and Institution-Based Views Although these two schools of strategic management mentioned above have contributed significantly to understanding of the firms strategic management practices and behaviours, the quest continues.Recent effort devoted to t his area has resulted in several promising and interesting developments over the past decade which are relevant to the study of strategic management in Chinese organisations, including the Complex Response Process View (CRPV), (Stacey, 2003), Relational View (RV) (Dyer & Singh, 1998), Institution-Based View (IBV) (Peng, 2002) and, to a greater extent(prenominal) recently, the Stakeholder View (SHV) by Post, Preston and Sachs (2002b).There are considerable overlaps across these views that attempt to balance the long standing use of high level and demythologised industry analysis to explain firms strategic behaviours, within a defined marketplace, with a much dynamic, processual, and ultimately political view of strategy. This is focused on human motives and interactions within inter-connected, local anaesthetic, national and global networks or constituencies.The Relational View (RV) (Dyer & Singh, 1998) proposes that firms can achieve abovenormal returns through profiling and act ively managing their network of relationships with other business organisations, particularly with suppliers and users. Dyer and Singh (1998) also outline four mechanisms through which these inter-organizational relationships can generate competitive advantage.They are 1) investing in relationspecific assets to gain productivity in the value mountain range 2) substantial knowledge exchange, or share-out mingled with participating organisations to enhance interfirm organisational learning 3) leveraging the complementary resources and readiness of alliance partners to develop immature products and services and 4) using effective governance to reduce transaction costs.As Dyer and Singh (1998) argue, one of the major benefits of this view is that it extends the unit of analysis for sustainable competitive advantage from a single firm (RBV) or single industry (ISV) to a network of inter-organizational relationships. The RV can be regarded as a centre of attention range sup flummox as it only focuses on a limited number of concepts (Neuman, 2003). Another recently developed view that is relevant to the studies of strategic management in Chinese organizations is the institution-based view (IBV) ( northeast 1990 Peng, 2002).This view attempts to explain why the strategic decisions of apparently similar firms in different countries vary, and considers institutions as a new set of independent factors, besides a firms resources and its industry social structure, that influence its strategic choices. According to North (1990), institutions are the rules of the game in the society. more than specifically, Scott (1995) refers to institutions as cognitive, normative, and regulative 3 A stakeholder view of strategic management in Chinese firms structures and activities that provide stability and meaning to fond behaviour.Thus, institutions religious service identify what strategic choices are acceptable and reinforcerable, reduce uncertainty, and provide consistenc y to firms. Based on this view, therefore, institutional factors constrain the choices a firm can make, and are often considered in the strategy literature as part of the environment under which organisations operate. Organisations in different countries behave differently because the political and sanctioned systems, social norms and values vary from one country to another, and these are important elements which influence strategic decisions.In other words, the institutional framework, as defined by Davis and North (1970) as the set of fundamental political, social and legal ground rules, in different countries influences firms strategy and consequently their performance. The IBV has shed much light on our understanding of strategic behaviour of firms in different countries, and could be good platform for developing new theoretical perspectives that are pertinent to the emerging business stopping point of China. (Peng, 2005).The Stakeholder View A more recent development in strat egic thinking is the stakeholder-based view (SHV) (Post, Preston, & Sachs, 2002b). In line with the institution-based view, the SHV recognizes the important role played by political and social arenas shaping organisational decision making and performance. Post, Preston and Sachs (2002) build on this broad position, arguing that organisations, and particularly mightful transnational corporations, need to actively develop, have and manage relationships with their key stakeholders, including governments and communities.This proactive cultivation and long term management of strategic relationships contrast to the IBV, which suggests passive conformance to the rules. It is however quite consistent with management as understood and practiced in Chinese business networks. It therefore deserves more detailed discussion and elaboration in this paper. According to Post, Preston and Sachs (2002) the stakeholder view holds that the capability of a business enterprise to generate sustainable w ealth, and hence long-term value, is determined by its relationships with critical stakeholders (p. 1). There are two primary, but implicit, assumptions on which the SHV is based. First, a firms sustainable and long-term value is determined by three broad types of factors industry structure, resource base, and social and political backing. It combines the immaterial and internal environments of the firm, and human relationships within its immediate sphere of operations and broader constituency as loci for analysis.Second, within this broad constituency there are critical stakeholders whose relationships with the focal firm influence its performance either positively or negatively, (See Figure 1). Thus, the authors (Post, Preston, & Sachs, 2002a) argue that the SHV both integrates the industrystructure view and RBV into a broader analytical framework for understanding strategic decisions and actions, and complements them through a broader understanding of how the industry position, resources and firm performance are affected by social and political factors. International Journal of Business Studies Figure 1 The stakeholder view of the corporation (Post, Preston, & Sachs, 2002, p. 55) The theoretical foundation of the SHV can be traced back to the stakeholder theory popularised by Freemans seminal work on stakeholder management and its ethical implications (Freeman, 1984).Since then, the stakeholder concept as a significant element in strategic management theory and practice has been widely used in varied settings, including the public sector and not-for-profit organizations in the USA and unhomogeneous European contexts. Following Freemans discussion of the purpose and ethical considerations of stakeholder management, Donaldson and Preston (1995) proposed three types of stakeholder theory descriptive, instrumental and normative.Descriptive stakeholder theory attempts to calculate and explain specific characteristics and behaviours of business organisations, instrumental theory is used to identify the connections between stakeholder management and organizational performance often where profit motive or advantage over rivals are dominant considerations, whilst normative theory focuses on the interpretation of corporate functioning, including moral and philosophical guidelines for operations and management (Donaldson & Preston, 1995).Based on this typology of stakeholder theory, instrumental motives and the quest for competitive advantage through stakeholder management appear to have dominated in the literature over the past fifteen years. moreover this has been offset to a certain extent in recent years by an increased focus in the literature on the role of stakeholders and stakeholder management in the practice and adoption of corporate social responsibility by US and European multinationals (Laszlo, 2003 Sirgy, 2002 Vogel, 2005).In common with other major US based stakeholder theorists, Post, Preston and Sachs (2002) widely dissemina ted notion of the SHV has been developed primarily from observations of the characteristic management behaviours within a small number of large US and European based multinational corporations, which they refer to as large, complex enterprises (p. 9), citing examples such as Motorola, Shell, and Cummins Engine Co. The reasons for adopting this particular case-based research method is that it 5 A stakeholder view of strategic management in Chinese firms equires an in-depth and comprehensive understanding of the organisations under study, and that the development of the relationships with its critical stakeholders is often evolutionary and path-dependent. Summarising the strategy perspectives discussed above, an integrative framework can be proposed as shown in Figure 2. Figure 2. An integrative model of strategic management in the Chinese organisation Is the SHV perspective appropriate for understanding and explaining strategic management in Chinese organisations? Whilst the SHV ocus es on the relationships with key stakeholders and its impact on the long-term organisational wealth, many have discovered that unique business relationships, or Guanxi, have been based on characteristic behaviour of Chinese managers. Thus, there is a coincidence between the SHV theory and Guanxi practice in China. Using the distinction provided by Argyris and Schon (1978) between theory and practice, one could wonder if the SHV is a theory espoused and consciously enacted by Western managers in recent years, but imbued in Chinese business practices for many centuries.As stated by Donaldson and Preston (1995), how stakeholder theory is understood varies from country to country, even in the highly developed market capitalistic economies, of the USA, Europe, and Japan. The current Chinese context, in an economic, and more so, social and political sense, is vastly different from those of Western countries. Therefore, it is servingful at both a conceptual and practical level to examine how and why stakeholder management is practiced by Chinese firms.In the following section, we attempt to explain strategic behaviours of Chinese business practitioners, particularly the relationships between stakeholder management and other 6 International Journal of Business Studies dominant strategic views through examining the Chinese business settings and making use of the theoretical insights offered by the SHV. III. THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT AND otherwise STRATEGIC VIEWS IN THE CHINESE CONTEXT Although the five strategic views mentioned above have been largely developed independently, a close examination of these views reveals that overlaps exist between some of them.In the following subsections, we focus our discussion primarily on the relationship between the SHV and other views. Stakeholder management and resource-based view in the Chinese business setting Based on the RBV, an organisation can generate supernormal rents through the identification, a cquisition, and use of its resources that are valuable, rare, difficult to imitate and non-substitutable (Barney, 1991). Although human resources have been considered as one of the four major categories of resources within the firm, RBV has not looked beyond the properties of these resources.The focus of this view is primarily internal with little attention who, outside the firm, can influence the processes of resource access, acquisition and use. The relationship between organisational performance and external resources has been convincingly elaborated by the resource-dependence theory developed by Pfeffer (1978). According to the resource-dependence theory, the organisation relies firmly on its external stakeholders for key resource inputs to survive and prosper.For Chinese organizations, there is considerable dependence on external stakeholders for resource acquisition and use. Typically these external bodies or parties would be partly those with authority for either allocating resources, such as governments and banks, or influencing resource acquisition and use, such as taxation departments, or chest of drawerss of Industrial and Commercial Administration, which can exercise considerable discretion within the broader legal and regulatory framework impacting Chinese business contexts. One particular point in case is the role of the Chinese government.Historically Chinese governments have controlled much of the national wealth and resources, and been heavily involved in making economic decisions. For example, most of major investment decisions in the state-owned enterprises have been directly influenced by the Chinese governments. Moreover, anecdotal evidence, either from public media or the word of peach conventional wisdom in China, suggests that cultivation of relationships with Chinese banks, other business entities and their employees, are important to support financing, timely information sharing and sourcing critical materials for business enterpri ses.Stakeholder management and the market-based view Establishing a strong market position in China is very difficult because Chinese markets, even market segments, are ordinarily big due to its large regional population bases. The well-established, and usually large, state-owned enterprises also make it harder to operate competitively for new comers in the Chinese markets. Although many new business 7 A stakeholder view of strategic management in Chinese firms opportunities are continuously emerging, most of them are still heavily adjust by the Chinese governments.The governments can help and/or deter market position building through licensing (e. g. , taxi industry, iron ore importing), investment approvals (e. g. , steel mills), and payoff permits for key capital intensive activities such a commercial building and large scale infrastructure projects, whilst similar practices of these can also be observed in Western countries, the licensing and approval processes in China are o ften opaque and leave much room for discretion by government officials.Stakeholder management and institutional view As discussed above, the legal and political settings in China have profound influence on the strategies pursued by Chinese organisation. The legal systems in China have traditionally been slow downly configured and left much room for interpretation. Chinese laws are usually not well systematise and difficult to reinforce (Ahlstrorm & Bruton, 2001). Moreover jurisdictional boundaries between the governmental departments at the same level or governments at different levels often overlap.Therefore, favourable relationships with Chinese regulatory authorities can have a positive impact on the organisations performance. With regards to the political setting in China, the long history of feudalism in China from 221BC to 1912 has consistently shown a close link between political power and economic wealth. With the prevailing feudal system, political power was centrally co ntrolled by the emperor and his royal family with business enterprises in China relying heavily on their government (emperor and royal families) for survival or prosperity.Coupled with the loose legal systems, favourable relationships with the Chinese government or royal family have traditionally been considered extremely important for business organisations to maintain their survival and growth. Modern Chinese history shows similar patterns of a close link between the government and business entities. Even after the Chinese communist party took over the power in 1949, the Chinese government controlled most of the countrys wealth. Many Chinese large enterprises are still state-owned.Therefore Chinese governments have been heavily involved in economic activities at both industry and firm levels over the past five decades. Developing a favourable relationship with various government departments and doing business under their authority or with their help, is still considered one of the most profitable courses for Chinese businesses to adopt in todays global economy. It is good relationships with the government that help business organisations to grow and occupy a strong position in specific industries with provincial, national and international market penetration.This relative perspective on business and strategy has many historical and cultural precedents in China. Stakeholder management and relational view in the Chinese cultural setting Since the time of the Qin Dynasties Chinese culture has been dominated by Confucianism that stresses the importance of human relationships and harmony within a society. This requires that interpersonal relationships be appropriately arranged. The friendship (yi), which exclamatory the mutually beneficial relationships between one and other, has been 8 International Journal of Business Studies egarded as one of the four characteristics of the fundamental tenet of Confucianism is humanity (ren). The central significance of thes e principles of friendship or egalitarianism has not waned in the Chinese recent history. In contrast, the Chinese Communist Party reinforced these ideas during the 1950s to 1960s, and more recently from the mid 1990s to the present day, as a desirable social norm or virtue. At the business level, the Chinese governments have facilitated cooperation and collaboration among the state-owned enterprises in many business areas, such as new product development (Huang, Schroder, & Steffens, 1999).Frequent gatherings amongst businesses either through political meetings or economic activity among managers in China has also served to facilitate this collaboration and cooperation processes. Such institutional and cultural settings in China manifest in different behaviours including information sharing and informal governance, two of the four mechanisms suggested by Dyer and Singh (1998) which can be used by organisations to enhance their competitive advantage.It suggests that the strong cultu ral and institutional foundation that exists in Chinese business for developing reciprocal relationships. This can help improve organisations performance a central principle for the Relational View. IV. THE STAKEHOLDER VIEW AND MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS FOR CHINESE MANAGERS AND RESEARCHERS This paper explored the relational basis on which the Chinese organisations compete in their domestic markets drawing comparisons with recent Western views of strategic behaviour.These were frame in in a broader historical context of doing business in China. It is contended that the recent stakeholder view proposed by Post, Preston and Sachs (2002) provides much promise in terms of both theoretical and practical insights into how and why strategic management is practiced in Chinese organisations. However, clear differences in Chinese and Western social and political systems, and the stage of capitalist evolution need to be considered in applying the SHV to the Chinese settings.As stated by Donalds on and Preston (2005), how stakeholder theory is understood varies even in the market capitalist economies. This is more evident in the contemporary Chinese context, where social and political settings are vastly different from those of Western countries. A number of managerial and research implications are proposed from this paper. First, we have presented an integrated framework of strategic management that indicates the mechanisms linking relationships with key stakeholders and organisational performance.It is proposed that whilst developing and maintaining these relationships has been traditionally valued by Chinese as part of their culture, contemporary Western strategic management thinking would seek to equate effort spent on this area with measurable performance outcomes and long term competitive advantage. With this in view, the integrated framework presented could be used to provide Chinese managers with a more holistic and formalised view of strategic management to support the development clearly articulated objectives and productive long term interactions with key stakeholders. A stakeholder view of strategic management in Chinese firms Secondly, it is clear from the framework presented that the stakeholder view is only one of the approaches for creating organisational wealth. Several types of organisations are competing in the Chinese markets and each could be competing on different basis. Multinational corporations compete on their market position and resources, whilst stateowned enterprises compete on the basis of being institutionalised within political and cultural settings, providing strong market influence and ready access to resources.Most local private firms may compete on the cultural settings, flexibility and speed of decisionmaking. As the Chinese governments gradually level the playing field for all business players, the political settings in China will be changed. Therefore, managers of Chinese organisations, particularly state-owned e nterprises, need to develop relationships with other types of new era capitalist stakeholders who can help build strong market position and/or gain access to key resources.Thirdly, relationships with the stakeholders need to be considered as strategic (intangible) assets for business organisations in Western markets and as a powerful means to compete in China. As in the West, these relationships are located within a broader social and transactional knowledge networks (Kaplan & Norton, 2004 Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998), containing untapped strategic value for Chinese companies operating locally, regionally, and globally. Currently many Chinese managers spend much effort practicing a stakeholder theory in a come apart way at a one on one, individual level.Whilst the compounding effect of the aggregation of these individual relationships is not clear, there is an argument with respect to the SHV to support a more strategically aligned, and systematic integration of these routinised int eractions at the organisational level. This is one of the most challenging issues in implementing stakeholder theory in the Chinese organisations, as most of the relationships with key stakeholders are based on the trust between individuals, rather than between organizations.Looking to the future merging of Chinese and Western business practices organisational structure also needs to be redesigned to manage the relationships with key stakeholders. This is crucial. Although stakeholder orientation can be built into organisational culture, people need to be assigned to facilitate the ongoing integration and implementation of stakeholder management. There is no doubt that stakeholder management is both a science and an art. It requires intuition and human skills more art than a science. However, it also requires systematic, rational, and analytical techniques.A number of stakeholder management techniques have been developed over the past decade, which may support the integration of st akeholder management into mainstream in to the strategy processes of Chinese businesses- most notably stakeholder mapping (Johnson, Scholes, & Whittington, 2005), and cognitive mapping (Eden & Ackermann, 1998) which help to tap into the social capital and relationships embedded in broader business networks. Finally, from a methodological point of view, the SHV points out the importance of a more holistic and integrated approach in understanding strategic management in Chinese organisations.So far, most of studies on Chinese management have used existing Western management theories to explain the Chinese business phenomena. In other 10 International Journal of Business Studies words, they exploit the existing theories, rather than exploring the Chinese management practice or behaviours to develop new theories from a Chinese perspective. Veteran researchers have called for a better balance between exploration and exploitation in conducting business research in China (Tsui et al. , 200 4).Given that the stakeholder view is still in the developmental stage in the US and European corporate domain, empirical studies, including rigorously researched case studies, are urgently needed to empirically test the approach, and by extension, its potential application to strategic management theory building and practice in a Chinese context. REFERENCES Ahlstrorm, D. , & Bruton, G. D. (2001). Learning from successful local private firms in China Establishing legitimacy. The academy of instruction Executive, 15(4), 72-83. Argyris, C. , & Schon, D. A. (1978).Organizational learning A theory of action perspective. Reading, MA Addison-Wesley. Barney, J. (1986). Organizational culture can it be a source of sustained competitive advantage? Journal of Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 656-665. Barney, J. B. (1991). 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Ethical behavior Essay

Hypothesis Practicing honest manner improves business operationsAbstractThis paper discusses ab emerge how observing honest behavior in the doingplace formulates or improves business operations. It delves into the temptplace culture and introduces the positive and negative estimable practices that affect its processes. It also points out the research garner about the codes of post and behavioral standards that contribute and further advance the beau mondes undertaking.Ethical behaviour goes beyond the legal requirements placed on a business it is also concerned with discretionary decision-making and conduct. Ethical behaviour is an important function in integrating business and society, by promoting the legitimacy of business operations, through with(predicate) critical reflection of employee behavior.In this paper, varied researches foot be found with the goal of deepening the readers understanding of honorable behavior and its usage in promoting and improving operatio ns in businesses.I.Ethical BehaviorA.IntroductionOne of the tough and complex problems that business government activitys atomic number 18 facing is managing ethical behavior. Ethical behavior in the study is a standard of conduct expected of or adopted by a business. It involves characterizing moral principles including honesty, ordinaryness, interpersonal equality, dignity, diversity, and individual rights.B.ImportanceEthical behavior helps deem quality and productivity in the business. What is ethical is legal and with it, it assists the organization to comply with laws and regulations. It has the ability to attract investor and customers and ensures good and proper relationships with them. Also itpromotes teamwork within the organization whereby employees so-and-so work to piddleher to a greater extent effectively and efficiently. Similarly, with people practicing ethical behavior in the workplace encourages making decisions in an ethical way. Conducting the business compl ying ethical behavior bears much benefits to the familys improvement and the basis for long-term success in most businesses.II. Ethical Workplace CultureEthics in work place atomic number 18 cultures that a fellowship imposes to make each professional much productive and cooperative. This makes each professional more responsible and hardworking to their duties. Complying with moral philosophy in the workplace makes the familiarity successful and knowledgeable in their field of business.A. optimistic workplace behavior morals-According to Don Rafner, Demand Media (2014), your employees face ethical dilemmas every last(predicate) day in the workplace. They might be tempted to leave work too soon, take credit for the work of others or lie to a potential client to get him to sign the insurance policy, order the service or purchase the product that they are selling. The key to fostering hygienic business morality at your company is to create an ethics policy that clearly spells out what is acceptable and unacceptable behavior.EXAMPLESCheating the CompanyA solid ethics policy should clearly synopsis the procedure employees should follow if they need to take time make, leave early or start late. If you dont spell out these procedures, employees might be tempted to handle these matters on their own. They might claim to be meeting a client at the end of the workday when instead they are leaving early to catch a ballgame on TV. They might claim to be at a workshop for the first half of the day when instead they are sneaking in some extra sleep. Make sure your ethics policy contains a provision telling your employees how they corporation request time off eve for personal matters. Open communication is a far better alternative than the sneaking around required when employees try to cloak the reasons for their late starts or absences.Working with ClientsYour ethics policy also should make it clear that your workers must treat clients and customers fairl y and honestly. This means prohibiting employees from lying to potential clients or providing them with misleading information. Employees shouldnt hide the true price of a service, policy or product in an effort to trick customers into signing up. They also shouldnt promise more than their service or product can deliver. Employees should never bully or harass potential clients. Your ethics policy should state how often your workers can satisfy potential customers, at what times of the day and what exactly they can and cannot say during their conversations. Ethics in our workplace makes professional the best and this benefits both the employer and the employee.B.Possible negative ethics-Not all ethics in workplace is good, sometimes it can harm you.EXAMPLEYou curb discovered that your workmate is starting up business the same to your company and started to get costumers from your company so you decided to tell your president regarding what your officemate is doing after your office mate was caught he threaten you that he will do something not good to you. You contain disregarded what he has said, after one month your daughter was kidnap. Realizing that your office really did what he has said.III. Ethical PrinciplesPresident Theodore Roosevelt once said that, To educate the learning ability without the morals is to educate a menace to the society. Ambition, competitiveness, and innovation are essential factors that lead to business success but these must be controlled by centre ethical principles. According to Josephson (2013), ethical principles are universal standards of right and wrong prescribing the kind of behavior an ethical company or person should and should not engage. These principles tin a guide to making decisions but they also establish the criteria by which your decisions will be judged by others.A.Code of ConductDefinitionAs stated by Vitez (2014), codes of conduct usually describe the required behaviors, responsibilities, actions or attitude s employees should feel inan organization. This conduct policy ensures all individuals are on the same page and have a clear understanding of the business mission statement and values.Functions and Features professiones may admit basic employee working guidelines in their code of conduct policy. These guidelines can include dress standards, avoidance of drug or alcohol use, arriving promptly to work on time and keeping the employees workplace neat and clean. Companies use these policies to develop and promote a safe and courteous work environment. A code of conduct can also be created to govern the owners and managers of large and small businesses. Business owners and managers are often held to a higher standard be subject they have more power in the organization.ConsiderationsImplementing ethical values into a code of conduct can help companies strengthen these policies. Ethical values include self-discipline, honesty, integrity, fidelity and charity. Companies use ethical value s to promote their conduct policies as individuals may have contrastive personal ethical values. Creating a standard ethical system helps companies promote the values they see most important in business. Business ethics ordinarily fall in line with the business owners view of ethical standards.B.Behavioral StandardsAs described by Abraham Lincoln, character is a tree and reputation is a shadow. Your character is what you really are your reputation is what people think of you. Hence, reputation is purely a function of perception while character is determine by ones actions. The following are the 12 ethical principles enumerated by Josephson (2013)1. HONESTY. Be honest in all communications and actions. Ethical executives are, above all, worthy of assurance and honesty is the cornerstone of trust. Ethical executives do not deliberately mislead or deceive others.2. INTEGRITY. Maintain personal integrity. Ethical executives earn the trust of others through personal integrity. Integ rity refers to a wholeness of character demonstrated by consistency between thoughts, words and actions.3. PROMISE-KEEPING. Keep promises and fulfill commitments. Ethical executives can be trusted because they make every reasonable effort to fulfill the letter and spirit of theirpromises and commitments.4. LOYALTY. Be loyal within the framework of other ethical principles. Ethical executives justify trust by being loyal to their organization and the people they work with. Ethical executives place a high value on defend and advancing the lawful and legitimate interests of their companies and their colleagues.5. FAIRNESS. Strive to be fair and just in all dealings. Ethical executives are fundamentally committed to fairness. They manifest a commitment to justice, the equal treatment of individuals, tolerance for and acceptance of diversity.6. CARING. Demonstrate compassion and a genuine concern for the well-being of others. Ethical executives are caring, compassionate, benevolent and kind. They search to accomplish their business objectives in a manner that causes the least harm and the greatest positive good.7. RESPECT FOR OTHERS. Treat everyone with respect. Ethical executives demonstrate respect for the world dignity, autonomy, privacy, rights, and interests of all those who have a stake in their decisions they are courteous and treat all people with equal respect and dignity regardless of sex, hie or national origin. 8. LAW ABIDING. Obey the law. Ethical executives abide by laws, rules and regulations relating to their business activities.9. COMMITMENT TO EXCELLENCE. Pursue excellence all the time in all things. Ethical executives pursue excellence in performing their duties, are well-informed and prepared, and constantly endeavor to increase their proficiency in all areas of responsibility.10. LEADERSHIP. Exemplify recognise and ethics. Ethical executives are conscious of the responsibilities and opportunities of their position of leadership and seek to be positive ethical role models by their own conduct and by dower to create an environment in which principled reasoning and ethical decision making are highly prized.11. REPUTATION AND MORALE. Build and protect and build the companys good reputation and the morale of its employees. Ethical executives understand the enormousness of their own and their companys reputation as well as the importance of the pride and good morale of employees.12. ACCOUNTABILITY. Be accountable. Ethical executives acknowledge and accept personal accountability for the ethical quality of their decisions and omissions to themselves, their colleagues, their companies, and their communities.V. EFFECTS OF PRACTICING ETHICAL BEHAVIORA. AdvantagesA.1 EmployeesPositive Work Environment Ethical employees are perceived as team players rather than as individuals just out for themselves. They develop positive relationships with co-workers. Their supervisors trust them with hole-and-corner(a) information and they are often given more autonomy as a force. Employees who are caught in lies by their supervisors damage their chances of advancement within the organization and may risk being fired. An extreme case of poor ethics is employee theft. In some industries, this can cost the business a significant list of money, such as restaurants whose employees steal food from the storage locker or freezer.(Brian Hill) A.2 BusinessBuild customer loyalty Having a loyal customer butt is one of the keys to long-range business success because serving an existing customer doesnt involve marketing cost, as does acquiring a new one. A companys reputation for ethical behaviour can help it create a more positive sign in the marketplace, which can bring in new customers through word-of-mouth referrals.(Brian Hill)Retain Good Employees Talented individuals at all levels of an organization want to be compensated fairly for their work and dedication. They want career advancement within the organization to be ba sed on the quality of the work they do and not on favouritism. They want to be part of a company whose circumspection team tells them the truth about what is going on, such as when layoffs or reorganizations are being contemplated. Companies who are fair and open in their dealings with employees have a better chance of retaining the most talented people.(Brian Hill)Avoid Legal Problems At times, a companys management may be tempted to cut corners in pursuit of profit, such as not fully complying with environmental regulations or labour laws, ignoring worker galosh hazards or using substandard materials in their products. The penalties for being caught can be severe, includinglegal fees and fines or sanctions by governmental agencies. The resulting negative publicity can cause long-range damage to the companys reputation that is even more costly than the legal fees or fines. Companies that maintain the highest ethical standards take the time to subscribe every member of the organi zation about the conduct that is expected of them (Brian Hill).High Employee Performance A lack of ethics has a negative effect on employee performance. In some cases, employees are so concerned with getting ahead and making money that they ignore procedures and protocol. This can lead to additional paperwork and careless errors that result in the task having to be completed again. Additionally, employees who feel acting ethically and following the rules will not get them ahead in the business sometimes feel a lack of motivation, which often leads to a decrease in performance (Stacy Zeiger).Company Credibility If a lack of ethics in a business becomes public knowledge, that business set downs credibility. While some businesses survive public knowledge of a lack of ethics through reimaging and advertising campaigns, many lose a key customer base. Even if a business recovers from news about its lack of ethics, it takes a lot of time and money to restore its image and consumer confide nce (Stacy Zeiger).Competitive Advantage Business ethics offer companies a competitive advantage. Consumers learn to trust ethical brands and remain loyal to them, even during operose periods. The company followed its credo, a set of ethical organizational values, and the result was a boost in consumer confidence, despite the contamination scare. Society benefits from business ethics because ethical companies recognize their social responsibilities (Lynne MacDonald).Asset Protection A strong ethical culture within your business is important in safeguarding your assets. Employees who abide by your workplace ethics would be able to protect and respect your businesss assets. For example, they would avoid making personal long distance calls using the businesss lines.Workers can only respect company property when you treat them with respect and dignity, which makes them feel proud to be working for your business. Ensure that your workers perform in an environment with integrity and stro ng ethics. It increases employee pride and discourages them from stealing supplies or equipment (Alejandro Russell).Productivity and Teamwork Workplace ethics is integral in fostering increased productivity and teamwork among your employees. It helps in aline the values of your business with those of your workers. Achieving this coalescence requires that you encourage consistent dialogue regarding the values of your business, which enhances community, integrity and openness among employees. Ethics enable your workers to feel a strong alignment between their values and those of your business. They show such feelings through increased productivity and motivation (Alejandro Russell) .Public Image You earn a lot of respect and lop a strong image in the public domain when you make ethical choices. For instance, you can fulfill your corporal social responsibility by cut waste discharge from your business. The public would consider your business to be operating with honor and integrit y while valuing people over profits. Building a strong public image through ethical conduct also earns you more clients. Customers would develop trust in you and do business with your organization (Alejandro Russell).Decision-Making Ethical conduct in the workplace encourages a culture of making decisions based on ethics. It also enhances accountability and transparency when undertaking any business decisions. During turbulent times, a strong ethical culture guides you in managing such conflicts by making the right moves. It can help you to introduce change successfully in your organization, which can be a challenge. Ethical conduct within the business sensitizes you and your staff on how to act consistently even in difficult times (Alejandro Russell).B. DisadvantagesB.1 Employees inequality Codes of conduct are often drafted, in part, to ensure that all members of an organization are treated every bit. However, often those in upper-level management and creative positions are given a bye on certain codes, like those restricting how the worker talks about the company or to what degree employees are allowed to have personal relationships outside of work. According to CNN Money contributor Eleanor Bloxham, if companies are going to have codes of conduct they should reconsider any code that cannot be applied equally (Miranda Morley).Unethical Corporate Behavior In some cases, codes of conduct may facilitate wrong corporate behavior. Codes of conduct that limit employees ability to speak out against the corporation can keep them quiet for fear of job loss or legal retribution even if the company is engaging in an unethical practice. Further, codes of conduct can be used to set ethical-looking rules that managers are instructed not to follow so if any misconduct occurs it is the individual employee, not the corporation that will be blamed (Miranda Morley).B.2 BusinessLack of Management Support One of the disadvantages of an ethical compliance program is that it req uires the comprehensive support of management to be effective. If members of the management team decide to apply their own version of corporate ethics to the way they manage their departments, then this clash of principles can cause confusion in the workplace. For example, a manager who pitchs to look the other way when his employees are committing sexual harassment sets a precedent that can start to undermine the entire corporate culture.( George N. Root III) http//smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-disadvantages-ethical-compliance-organization-20548.htmlCostly Developing, implementing and maintaining an ethics compliance program within your organization can be expensive and time-consuming, according to attorney Michael G. Daigneault, writing for the Maryland tie beam of CPAs. Ethics policies need to be continually updated to reflect changes inworkplace laws and changes in your company culture as the organization grows. Proper administration of an ethics program often requires th e hiring of an ethics officer and the commitment of company financial and personnel resources.( George N. Root III) http//smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-disadvantages-ethical-compliance-organization-20548.htmlReduce Companys Freedom Business ethics reduce a companys freedom to maximize its profit. For example, a multinational company may move its manufacturing facility to a developing verdant to reduce costs. Practices acceptable in that country, such as child labor, poor health and safety, poverty-level wages and coerced employment, will not be tolerated by an ethical company. Improvements in working conditions, such as a living wage and minimum health and safety standards, reduce the level of cost-savings that the company generates. However, it could be argued that the restrictions on company freedom benefit wider society.( Lynne MacDonald)VI. CONCLUSIONWithin the business world, ethical decisions are made each day that have an impact across all organizations. Conducting your self ethically as a business owner and encouraging your employees to engage in ethical business conduct brings about several benefits for your company.Business ethics tend to be overlooked by entrepreneurs as they have other priorities such as ideas for the business, marketing strategies, and financial matters. However, business ethics have a more powerful influence on the existence and improvement of business operations than most people think. It can create a positive image of a business, to mention one of the many, which can greatly contribute to the improvement of the business operations that can lead to its growth and boost in sales. Alongside with the advantages of practicing ethical behavior are disadvantages. Essentially, if you dont practice ethical behavior in your business then you are in a position with more freedom than if you do, thus, reducing a companys freedom to maximize its profit.Practicing ethical behavior improves business operations despite it having disadvanta ges as it brings about more benefits to your business than not performing ethical business conduct. Besides the moral, social, personal and cultural imperatives to tell the truth, its increasingly evident that ethical practices protect and even boos the bottom line (Johnson, 2008). Customers will patronize your business not because you are on the number one spot among your competitors but because you give value as to how you claimed that spot.

Speech introducing the poetry of Elizabeth Bishop

My fellow students and writers, welcome. The honour of speaking to you, the poets of the future, has been bestowed upon me and I hope I will not disappoint. As Stephen spendthrift once said I fear I cannot make an amusing speech as I read that alone geniuses are devoid of humour. forthwith I will be speaking about one of the greatest female poets of the twentieth century, and one of my own personal dearies, Elizabeth Bishop. Theres nothing more ungainly than being a poet really.The words of this modest poet convey the shy hidden qualities of a woman who was spectacular in being unspectacular. Bishop was never preoccupied with the disused idea of being a poet. This gave her a sincerity that transposed to her rhyme in expressing the emotional journey that was her vivification. Her poetry echoes a life well lived with extremes of emotion from the joy of heightened awareness, to abject isolation and depression. Elizabeth Bishop was born in America in 1911. Her father died shortly after her birth and at the age of five Bishop lost(p) her mother to mental illness.These harsh slightons of life, so early learned, left a void in Bishops life, the void of a settled loving family. Her poetry selection Station explores the themes of love and family which depicts her longing to be loved and to belong. The meter describes a family living amongst the oil and dirt of a filling station. At first she dismisses the filthy regularise Oh but it is dirty tho as in much of her poetry Bishop looks beyond the obvious to find a beauty and homeliness within all the dirt. In this poem she comes to the conclusion that Somebody loves us all.This short sentence has gained the power of a proverb for me in my life and Im sure it will stand resonance with many of you too. This comforting thought, wise and true, shows how Bishop reveals the truth through her close observation of the little things in her quest for self-discovery. Bishops original way of viewing situations is bes ides clear in her poem The Prodigal. Have you ever wondered what happened to the prodigal son during his transgression from home? Well Bishop did in this clever poem which focuses on the low part of the prodical sons life.This effectively simple poem describes mankinds need for companionship, she herself being a self-proclaimed outsider. As an outsider Bishop led a very unsettled restless life described as desperately and energetically nomadic. She once said All my life I have lived and behaved very much like the sandpiper just outpouring down the edges of different countries and continents. Here Bishop confesses of a great desire to travel, discernibly in search of the home she never had. Bishop wrote the poem Questions of Travel which depicts the time she spent in Brazil.Although it was a place of immense beauty, she often felt separate and outside of it. She asks Should we have stayed at home wherever that may be? which shows Bishops great loneliness in searching for belongin g. In this poem she also questions the human need to travel to strange foreign places. It foregrounds the issue of whether the tourists quest stems from an innocent desire to savour landscapes of dispute or whether it might have a darker motive, resembling the imperialistic desire to conquer and acquire other lands.She then asks if it is childishness that causes us to rush to see the sunniness the other way around. More humorously this poem signifies the limitations of human knowledge and understanding of foreign cultures. After all are we not all blameworthy of inwardly complaining of the intrusive tourists that plague our country annually? Bishop asks Is it right to be watching strangers in a play in this strangest of theatres? However Bishops disceptation promoting the merits of travel will banish the negative thoughts of even the most xenophobic among us.I feel many will enjoy the theatrical differences conveyed in this poem as Bishop is so wry and honest about the differen ces between locals and tourists. A striking photographic quality of images is atypical of Bishops poetry. Her poem The Fish uses language that is imagistic and precise in describing the confrontation between an amateur fisher and a tremendous battle-worn fish. The poem is rich in imagery, simile and metaphor and uses layering of images which describes in intricate detail the newly caught fish.Bishop is an empathetic imaginative observer as she describes the fish inside and out down to The dramatic reds and blacks of his shiny entrails, and the pink swim bladder like a heavy(a) peony. The final line until everything was rainbow, rainbow, rainbow And I let the fish go describes a moment of epiphany and revelation special K to Bishops poetry. Bishop pronounces a merciful verdict on the life of the patriarchal old fish which contrasts strongly with mans attempt to conquer nature. This moral poem is one to think about the next time you go fishing.My favourite poem by Elizabeth Bishop is First Death in Nova Scotia. The full complexity of childhood is effectively evoked in this simple poem about the death of her cousin. This is a poem we can all relate to as it captures a childs first experience of death. Although written in her fifties, Bishop manages to capture the confusion she felt as she essay to understand the finality of death. This poem has quite a chilling quality which echoes the wrong sequence death has taken in extinguishing the life of a child.The final stanza, although chilling, is one of my favourite pieces of poetry. The vulnerability and fear created as the child doubts the presence of an afterlife is true of my experience of death and Im sure others. The child Bishop asks But how could Arthur go clutching his tiny lily with his eyes shut up so tight and the roads deep in snow? This final line filled with pity is a perfect example of Bishops simple but effective style. Oscar Wilde is quoted as saying One should rejoice in the beauty, the joy an d the wonder of life the less said about lifes sores the better.However, Bishop manages to do both successfully in her striking and distinctive poetry that will give much pleasure for years to come. Her poetry covers topics from death to family and from travel to morality. Her keen eye for detail, her accurate observations and her simple, concise description of the world around us makes Elizabeth Bishops poetry an animated read. Her poetry boasts genuine effect which originates from her own harsh experiences in life and often expresses a greater understanding of life and death.Her pleasing style makes her poetry a firm favourite among many amateur writers and poetry lovers. I hope I have instilled in you today the joys of reading the poetry of one of the most influential females of the choke century. I will now leave you with a final quote from Elizabeth Bishops poem called Poem. This poem maps the readers experience of reading poetry, from indifference to recognition of a common humanity. Life and the memory of it cramped, dim, on a piece of Bristol board, dim, but how alive, how touching in detailthe little that we get for free, the little of our earthly trust

Auguste Rodin’s Burghers of Calais and Modernism

The French sculptor Auguste Rodin created the masterpiece, Burghers of Calais was first displayed in eighteen eighty-nine. It took him five years to complete the bronze statue of the six men who save the city of Calais by offering their lives during the Hundred Year War. Even though the subject of the Burghers of Calais is Medieval in its subject, it is an example of Modernism.Since a sculpture is three dimensional it is definitely different than other art works yet the elements of Modernism can still be employed. Modernism is an artistic movement where artists deliberately left behind the forms used by artist in the past.With Burghers of Calais, Rodin expressed the realistic elements of the human body kind of than the idealistic ones of the past. Instead of adhering to the ornate items that could distract the viewer form the intended subject, he portrayed the simple, rustic garments warn by the men of that time. He likewise diverted from the past masters by concentrating on the r aw emotion in the expressions of the subjects as they knew they were facing execution. Despair, fear, sadness, and anger are realistic on the faces and in the eyes of the subjects. Displaying the emotions was a departure from the heroic light that subjects had been shown in the past.Another enormous element of Modernism is that the viewer be allowed to take an active part in the analysis of the art. Rodin did this with Burghers of Calais by having the pedestal removed from the base of the statue. This allowed the viewer to see eye to eye with the subjects. He/she could better feel the emotion that is displayed by individually of the men. The viewer could become one with the subject an allow the raw feelings to pervade their beings References Delahunt, M. (1996-2008). Artlex. Retrieved April 9, 2008 from http//www. artlex. com Rodin, A. (1889). Burghers of Calais.

Labor Relations Hw

In my opinion, the employer now has learned what kind of discrepancies can occur and modify the security issues regarding the remaining medications. Any discrepancies occurred after a Just allowance of the rules shall be employ strictly as Intended by the employer. 2. Explain why the relevant provisions of the collective bargaining agreement as applied to the facts of this case dictate the award. I think that it is very natural and obvious that the employer, who is in charge of his company, wants to charge someone of any discrepancy occurred inside his mandarins.Even if on that point is no exact proof existing, the employer believes that each supervisor must be responsible for their actions and be ordaining to accept the consequences that come from their own subdivisions control. For example, lets say there was a small bug Inside a murphy chip bag. The bug could have got Inside the bag In any process during which the potato chip was being made, but the employer must decide one of the suspicious departments for the discrepancy. Lets say that the employer fired the supervisor of the final incase vision.Even though all packaging is done by machines and the only daily duty of the packaging division is to identify wrong-packaged bags, the employer has made a decision. If there was a fluoroscopic machine that makes it possible to attain inside every bag, then things would have resulted differently, but there wasnt one and the packaging supervisor was fired due to irresponsibility. This example explained above would be a similar example to why the relevant provisions of the collective bargaining agreement as applied to the facts of he previous case dictate the award. . What actions cogency the employer or the union has taken to avoid this conflict? I en employer malign nave set up a more strict policy Walt military force controlling Ana accessing the medications. The total number of keys and a reliable sign-in/out system will be installed. Personnel granted access to the remaining medication will surely receive a proper orientation and training before accessing it. Also, to clarify the unjust Just cause standard, a very detailed warn and penalty will be posted to those committing any discrepancy.

Improving Organizational Retention Essay

As an independent consultant hired to improve retention issues at JCs Casino concerning dealers and housekeeping I give look at this as two separate entities. The casino owner needs the quickest submit possible and I must look at the atomic number 18a first causing the most issues with the customers. Though on that point is a fast turnover of dealers thither are enough employees to cover this area for the metre being. The first issue is the housekeeping staff because it is causing customers to wee-wee to wait on their rooms until cardinal in the evening.This can cause loss of revenue by customers moving to other casino hotels where they can check in at a tenable time and this in turn could cause loss of revenue at the gambling tables. The first person I completelyow for meet with is the HR director, gobbler Sneed, to see how the comp both process of hiring is done and if there is a labor analysis directive with requirements and training procedures in place. tom turkey Sne ed said applicants are direct through the local unemployment office, and apply through newspaper ads.The job application is a standard application with previous jobs, history, and education. The applications are passed to Andrew Keen for approval or disapproval. There is a job analysis in place for requirements from bending and lifting, to chemicals used in the cleaning process, and training videos. Each floor has carts set up to cover any the required products for each room this is checked by the director of housekeeping each daylight and refilled as needed. All products are on carts, including boxes of gloves for protection for the housekeepers.As the director of housekeeping, Andrew Keen is responsible for staffing, scheduling the employees, keeping the housekeeping bud breed in check, keeping up with new policies, and initiating the new policies (Education Portal, 2012). As there has been a tremendous staffing issue with absenteeism and high turnovers, we need to see where th e shortcomings are in this department. Keen does non think there are any issues within the company for the position, but that it is just hard to find good help. The hotel consists of 15 floors with 20 rooms on each floor except the pass by floor, which has eight suites.Each floor has two housekeepers per floor with each employee required to clean up to 10 rooms a day on his or her shifts if the hotel is full. The top floor employees are required to clean up to four suites a day on their shift. I introduce myself to the employees who are massageing and carry for a list of those who are not in for the day. I call all the employees off for the day to come in and request the employees who are at work to stay after for a meeting when they are done with their shift. I am setting up food trays and drinks from the kitchen plus paying them for the time at the meeting.I start out the meeting by explaining who I am, letting them know that any comments made to me about their dissatisfaction in the job is confidential. They go international fill out a questionnaire on why they think there is such a huge turnover of employees in housekeeping, what they see as a way to train it, and any dissatisfaction with the job. I let them know that the questionnaires are for my eyes only and I will assemble a list of issues myself, which I will take to the director of housekeeping and possibly on up the ladder to the owner.Occupational Stressors and Job Satisfaction The immediate items I notice from the questionnaires are extreme dissatisfaction with their supervisor Keehn. The list includes boththing from watering down the cleaning supplies so much it does not clean or sanitize properly, to shortages on sheets and towels to scheduling issues. The employees recall that Keehn is trying to keep under budget to make him-self look good. Scheduling issues are not enough hours and refusing to work with anyone on scheduling needs.The 22 employees who were at the meeting said they get into trouble by Keehn if he sees them talking to each other or trying to help someone else get his or her rooms done. Job control stressors can be lack of control over your work, lack of recognition for work done, harassment, lack of respect from supervisors, and isolation from blighter employees to name a few (CWA, 2009). Each of these factors is all stressors with the housekeeping staff. Over all there is very little job satisfaction with the company because of all the negative issues.Those who are here would leave if they found another job with better scheduling and a better supervisor. Several of the employees suggested Rhonda Jordan should be the director of housekeeping. She has been here longer than anyone, knows the ins and outs of the company, eternally has a kind word, and has good communication skills. Many of the employees go to her for help instead of Keehn. I go back to HR with Tom Sneed and discuss with him the issue of the dealers quitting and look over the exit in terviews on those who bothered to do one before they left. Mr.Sneed said that some of the dealers in the step-sons Joes set have walked out during their breaks because of his attitude. He has a tendency to belittle the dealers and make the customers angrier instead of defusing a bad situation. His paperwork is haphazard and the accounting office is always calling him in to explain his paperwork to them. Two Work Motivation Theories The issues with the housekeepers and the dealers both stem from issues with their immediate supervisors. Using the goal-setting theory and reinforcement theory I am in hopes that the casino president will put into effect immediately the outline I have to present to him.The foremost and most important fix needs to be the housekeeping staff so that customers can check in at the normal industry standard time of three in the afternoon instead of six. After talking to Keehn and his denials of the accusations by his underlings and not taking any responsibility for any part of the housekeeping staff leaving, I will suggest that Andrew Keehn be fired and the position offered to Rhonda Jordan, who is an intelligent, warm, and job-oriented person. The employees all look up to her and respect her.Rhonda and I discussed in detail ways to keep the employees they do have and ways to hire and keep new employees. Goal setting will be to replace Keehn with Ms. Jordan, to make sure all cleaning products are up to standard market mixes, to have each cart filled for what each person needs and ready each morning, and to even out scheduling with law to each employee. New procedures need to be set in place, employee teamwork will be applauded, and all employees will help each other every day until all can go home at the same time, basically no employee left behind.To further enhance the housekeeping staff to come to work on their scheduled times we will offer a reinforcement of a free meal for a family of four in the hotel restaurant for every 30 days o f scheduling each person does not call in and arrives at work on time. Until enough staff is hired all staff employees on the payroll will get an incentive of paid hours off for each room past 10 they clean during a workday. We ask the employees here to feel as if they are important to the company by reinforcing the hard work they do. After talking to Joe, the pit boss, he knows that he is not cut out for the job he is in.He has admitted the stress of all the paperwork and the constant spotlight put on him by the customers and dealers is just not for him. He has agreed to go to his stepfather and tell him that he is not satisfied with the position and wants to move to head of security because the head of security is retiring in 30 days. For the employees under Joe who have stayed through his supervising an incentive check of 100 hundred dollars for each month they have been here will be give to them as a thank you and reinforcement to them as employees that they are valued.A new s upervisor will be found and put into the position with the abilities to get the job done with good and appropriate communication skills. As a further reinforcement to let employees know they are valued, an employee suggestion box will be hung by the time clock. Counterproductive Employee Behavior The employee behavior is walking out on-the-job, calling in to work, and general turnover of employees which cost time and coin to retrain new employees. The outline above will help with employee behavior by putting new supervisors in the positions needed that can act professional, fairly, and contend the employees with respect.Giving the employees incentives will also help with keeping the employees here until all positions and staff are put into place. Conclusion Common job facets include pay, supervision, job conditions, and communication to name a few (Spector, 2012). With this as a prelim, JCs Casino hopes to fix the issues that are making the employees leave the job by getting bett er supervisors who are open to ideas from the employees, who show respect to the employees and are not short on praise when employees do a good job. Taking away some of the stressors of the job should help with job retention.

Population Crisis

POPOULATION CRISIS SUBMITTED TO MS. AMNA NAVEED SUBMITTED BY USSAMA JAVED AFTAB IQBAL M. UMAIR SIDDIQUE RAZA AMJAD POPOULATION CRISIS SUBMITTED TO MS. AMNA NAVEED LECTURER MANGMENT SCIENCES COMSATS LAHORE SUBMITTED BY USSAMA JAVED ciit/fa09-bba-146/lhr AFTAB IQBAL ciit/fa09-bba-009/lhr M. UMAIR SIDDIQUE ciit/fa09-bba-053/lhr RAZA AMJAD ciit/fa09-bba-116/lhr Submission Date May3,2010 COMSATS represent Of Information Technology Lahore ACLNOLDGEMENT First of all, we would bid to thank our friends for assisting and helping us in our research. We would like to thank our t from each peerlesser for helping us how to do study.We would like to thank our librarian for letting us borrow some books, for the computer lab incharge for letting us use computers. We would like to thank our p atomic be 18nts for their financial and never ending support, for the help in our study and for its success. And it would non be successful without God who guides us in our everyday sprightliness and activit es, we thank Him for the good health He has given to us, and for the success of our study. For all the great deal who helped us a good deal, thank you very much and whitethorn god bless you all focusing Sciences COMSATS Institute Of Information TechnologyDefence Road Lahore April 3,2010 Falcons BBA- Batch 12- Sec C COMSATS Lahore Subject letter of authorization Dear falcons We are glad to affirm you that you have been selected to undergo a research and prepare a report get wording POPOULATION CRISIS . In the report you should completely analyze the line, state responsible factors and also aim remedy for it. We go away give you every assistance required for the research. In case of any difficulty feel free to let us know. We will appreciate if you submit your findings in a month. Sincerely Amna Naveed Falcons BBA-Batch12-SecCCOMSATS Lahore May 3, 2010 Ms. Amna Naveed Lecturer Management Sciences COMSATS Lahore Subject Letter of transmittal Dear Ms. Naveed As you pass along here is our report on POPOULATION CRISIS . This report is completely according to your instructions and requirements. This report is based on thorough study and includes the complete analysis of the paradox and remedy for it. I am sure that the report will give you complete help to evaluate the situation. Finally and thoroghly to put an end to the problems of over creation, health crisis, regimen crisis, governence crisis.It was so nice of you to assign us this task. Please let me know if I can be of further assiastance. Sincerely Falcons TABLE OF CONTENTS limit page Introduction 9 Over macrocosm 10 History of tribe of dry land 11 Population of Pakistan 13 Major crisis cod to over tribe 16 Major causes of over commonwealth 24 Summary 26 Conclusions 27 Recommendations 28 Appendix 29 Bibliography 32 Glossary 33 Index 34 INTRODUCTION This report is about the state crisis. It describes little about the nation of world besides its focus is on overpopulation in Pakistan.The pur pose of report is to make awareness that the base all the crisis in the terra firma is huge outgrowth in population. The nourishment crisis, health crisis, etc are all due to overpopoulation. On independence the population of Pakistan was dear 3 crore just within last few decades there was huge increase in population. Overpopulation is a condition where an organisms total top offs the carrying capacity of its habitat. In crude parlance the term to the relationship between the human population and its environment, the Earth. A society is called overpopulated when the resources are less than the number of individuals there.OVERPOULATION Overpopulation is a condition where an organisms numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its habitat. In common parlance, the term often refers to the relationship between the human population and its environment, the Earth. Overpopulation does not depend only on the size or density of the population, but on the ratio of population to availabl e sustainable resources. It also depends on the way resources are used and distributed throughout the population If a given environment has a population of 10 individuals, but there is fare for thought or drinking water enough for only 9, whence in closed system where no trade is practical, that environment is overpopulated if the population is 100 but there is enough food, shelter, and water for 200 for the indefinite future, and wherefore it is not overpopulated. Overpopulation can result from an increase in fork overs, a decline in mortality wanders due to medical advances, from an increase in immigration, or from an unsustainable biome and depletion of resources. It is possible for very sparsely-populated areas to be overpopulated, as the area in question may have a meager or non-existent cap great power to sustain human life (e. g. the middle of the Sahara Desert).The resources to be librateed when evaluating whether an ecological niche is overpopulated include clean w ater, clean air, food, shelter, warmth, and other resources necessary to sustain life. If the quality of human life is addressed, there may be additional resources considered, such as medical care, education, proper sewage treatment and waste disposal. Overpopulation places competitive stress on the basic life sustaining resources, leash to a diminished quality of life. The rapid increase in human population over the course of the 20th century has raised c at a timerns about the Earths ability to sustain a large number of inhabitants.In 2009, the estimated annual maturation rate was 1. 10%, and the world population stood at roughly 6. 7 billion. flowing projections show a steady decline in the egress rate, and a population of or so 9 billion by the year 2050. The scientific consensus is that the underway population expansion and accompanying increase in usage of resources is linked to threats to the ecosystem. The InterAcademy Panel Statement on Population Growth, which was ratified by 58 portion academies in 1994, called the expansion in human numbers unprecedented, and stated that many environmental problems were aggravated by the population expansion.At the time, the world population stood at 5. 5 billion, and optimistic scenarios predicted a peak of 7. 8 billion by 2050, a number that current estimates show will be reached around 2030. HISTORY OF POPULATION OF WORLD If you were to take a standard sheet of writing paper . 1mm thick and cut it into two sheets, placing one atop the other, it would then be . 2mm thick. Then, cutting the stack of two and reservation a stack of 4 sheets, it would then be . 4mm thick. Believe it or not, if you continued to do this just one hundred times, doubling the size of the stack each time, the thickness of he stack would be 1. 334 x 1012 light-years. This is an example of exponential or geometrical growth, where the rate of growth is always proportional to its present size. exponential growth also applies to the the human population. It begins growing very slowly, but over generations the growth rate increases more and more rapidly, similar to a snowball affect. It took the human population thousands of years to reach 1 billion in 1804. However, it took only 123 years for us to double to 2 billion by 1927.The population hit 4 billion in 1974 (only 47 years), and if we continue at our current rate, the human population will reach 8 billion in 2028. Doubling from our present count of 6. 8 billion to 13. 6 billion will have a much greater impact than our last couple doublings combined. Overpopulation isnt just population density (amount of people per landmass). Overpopulation applies even moreso to the number of people in an area surpass the resources and the carrying capacity of the environment necessary to sustain human activities. arrestframe So much focus is placed on the rapid population growth in third world countries. However, when we compare lifestyles of the rich countries vs. the poor countries, the rich countries are a much greater problem. For example, Americans constitute only five portion of the worlds total population, but consume 26% of the worlds energy. Just as much as the population size, we need to consider the resources consumed by each person, and the damage done by technologies used to supply them.Overpopulation is when the number of people can not be permanently maintained without depleting resources and without debasing the environment and the peoples standard of living. Because we are rapidly using up resources around the world, virtually all nations are overpopulated. This applies even more so to the rich nations. As we use up the resources, the earths carrying capacity continues to decrease. POPULATION OF PAKISTAN The first Pakistan Census afterward the proclamation of independence of Pakistan was conducted in 1951. It was decreed that numberes have to be carried out once in 10 years.The second census was conducted in 1961. However the third one was conducted in 1972 because of war with India. The fourth census was held in 1981. The fifth census was conducted delayed in March 1998. The sixth census of Pakistan is planned in October 2008. POPULATION BY PROVINCE/REGION SINCE 1951 Todays Snerue The above tables sumrazies the figures of population from first day till now. It is clear from above that in 1951 population of pakistan was not very large drastic change in population occurred after 1971. Now the growth rate of population is 1. percent which is worst growth rate of the world. Now Pakistan is on no3 in terms of population in all the world. MAJOR CRISIS DUE TO OVERPOPULATION Following are some major crisis and problems which we liner due to overpopulation viands Crisis Health Crisis Pollution Diseases Terrorism politics Crisis Poverty Unemployment Now we will discuss all of them one by one FOOD CRISIS The world financial experts have placed Pakistan on a list of 36 countries that face a serious food crisis, warning that if the situation worsens people may raid storage facilities for food.Like rest of the world Pakistan is also facing food crisis, and it has two sides one is unavailability of edibles and second is soaring prices due to gap in demand and supply of edibles. According to the website of UN international task force on global food crisis the price of food commodities has risen by 83 per cent over the last 36 months on international markets, and it is estimated that 854 million people are in a state of food insecurity around the world.World prices of food grains have risen composite in the last several months due to varied reasons including increase demand in emerging economies, to poor harvests and farming methods, oil prices, massive diversion of food grains for reservation bio-fuels, provision of land for bio-fuels, global warming, high population growth, changed eating habits, manipulative role of international financial markets with reduced role of national regimen. united Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon lead a concerted effort by 27 key UN agencies to tackle the growing crisis caused by a world(a) sharp rise in basic foodstuff prices at a conference in the Swiss capital Bern. In case of Pakistan, the food crisis comes go through in hand with an energy crisis and in un trusted political environment along with the extremist threats. It is expected that food and energy shortages could become worse this summer. Food shortages do not make a companion to long periods of energy outages (load-shedding).This dangerous mix can influence the political plans of political shenanigans to dogs if these basic ask outride unmet. More problem appears to those economies that are not agri finis based and Pakistan is a wheat and rice producing country and should not have had to face an needlelike shortage. a very important question arises here how did it get to this stage? It is believed that kitchen-gardening scientists will have to introduce moder n technologies for high yield at low price to enable the government to cope with the persistent crisis of food shortage.Even the UN Secretary general has said that agriculture is need to be meliorate for coup up current food crisis all over the world. After a quarter century of relative neglect, agriculture is back on the international agenda, sadly with a vengeance, Mr. Ban said in an address at the start of the three-day high-level segment of the annual meeting of the Commission for Sustainable using (CSD). The onset of the current food crisis has highlighted the fragility of our success in feeding the worlds growing population with the technologies of the first green revolution and concomitant agricultural improvements, he added.According to Daily Times an Economic analyst, Khalid Mahmood underlined the need for increasing agricultural yields though usage of hybrid seeds, better water management, change magnitude role of government for ensuring effective safety and support me chanisms such as making a reservoir of food grain, and also habitual-private partnerships to overcome the crisis. The skyrocketing prices are jeopardizing the acquire power of financially crumbling consumers. The price of food items such as vegetables, chicken and meat has increased by more than 20 percent just in one month, which has further made the half of the population of country food insecure.It is stated that 50 percent of the population is talking less calories recognized for reasonable human need, 20 percent out of those 50 percent population, bottom line people were the greater suffers and were miserably struggling to meet their basic food needs even by compromising on their non-food expenses. The current crisis would further worsen if the government is failed to come up with an informed policy and decisions, the majority of the people particularly the poor would be the greater sufferer, however their attention is more towards the political come forwards and people are suffering due to energy and food shortage. at that place are several lacunae in domestic policy recognized and role of the previous government primarily for not realizing the strength of the crisis that was coupled with poor decisions making including the management failure in the worse crisis of 2007 when even international oil prices were not so high, unavailability of fresh seeds and finally the export of rice which flat increased the need of wheat.The previous government paid less attention to demand and supply management, rather tried to address the issue properly and development long term measures it waged ineffective ad-hoc measures such as subsidies while oil-driven economy of Pakistan is facing serious shortage of energy resulting in increased cost of mathematical product and transportation. The situation of food shortage in Pakistan calls for a multi-sectoral strategy to address this serious issue. it is also important to note that Ministry of Finance alone cannot prov ide a solution to the worsening problem.Pakistan needs cohesive strategy including the focus on revising the import parity pricing formula and revised structure of taxes levied on petroleum products, further demand and supply management in energy sector, agriculture, and communication. it is also suggested that the Planning Commission of Pakistan should take lead in formulating proposals in this regard. The culture of accountability of the political leadership which was responsible for current energy deficit and the resultant price hikes is also needed.Another important point in this regard is atta smuggling to Afghanistaniistan though NWFP atta dealers saythat the atta was exported to Afghanistan under the trade policy and a regulatory tax of Rs500 is charged on every bag of 100-kg exported to Afghanistan. It is also said that Currently, there is no smuggling on Afghanistan level and whatever is transported to Afghanistan is legal, and is on accordance with an agreement signed bet ween Pakistan and Afghanistan, that is an open lie. Interestingly President George W. Bush has urged Afghan Govt. o gain self food sufficiency to reduce food pressure on Pakistan in SHARM El-SHEIKH Egypt. Government is taking steps to curb this situation Minster for Privatization and Investment Syed Naveed Qamar has directed Utility Stores Corporation (USC) to ensure sufficient supply of a? attaa and other necessities on its outlets across the country. Syed Naveed Qamar, The minister said that the government was making all-out efforts to provide essential items like atta, ghee and sugar to the people in sufficient quantity.Furthermore the government has warned the wheat hoarders to offer their wheat by Monday (May 19) to the public sector procurement agencies otherwise their stocks will be confiscated. A detailed briefing on current wheat situation was given to the Minister for Food, Agriculture and Livestock(MINFAL) Mr. Nazar Muhammad Gondal by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. HEALTH CRISIS According to a report approximately there are 15000 births per day in Pakistan. For these children at least 15 hospitals each with 400-500 beds are required which is not possible.No rich state can provide such huge facility on daily basis then how can Pakistan? After all it is develop country. We are facing health crisis now a days just due such large birth rate. In 1970s health facilities were available to everyone because at that time our population was just 1. 5 crore which is nothing as compared to todays population. POLLUTION For the first time ever human place downprise may be impacting planet earth in a permanent way. How is this possible? What are we doing now that valet have not been doing for millennia? Several obvious things come to mind.We are creating some very long-lasting waste material as a by-product of generating energy. This includes radioactive waste, and it also includes carbon dioxide, the major contributor to the planetary greenhous e. We are putting gases into the atmosphere and substances into the ground that take a very long time to be absorbed into the general biosphere. We are removing old growth timber faster than it can replace itself. We are flushing substances into the world ocean that can affect the inbuilt oceanic food chain. Only three of these items are new, radioactive waste and manmade long-lasting gases and waste materials.Humans have been doing the remainder for as long as humans have existed. Why, then, are we only now experiencing a global impact? The simple answer istoo many people. Planet earth has an astonishing ability to absorb and take into stride incredible amounts of stuff. Our biosphere has evolved an entire range of mechanisms for cleaning itself up after both non-human and human input. Overload the system, however, and it grinds to a halt. A stream continuously surrounded by a herd of bison will become as contaminated and unfit for further use as one overloaded with human sewage .Yet each can handle reasonable levels of contamination. The problem usually is not what, but how much. The remaining problems are not real problemsthey all are just symptoms of an underlying problem too many people. So long as we address only the symptoms, the problem will remain unsolved, andbecause of its naturewill continue to grow. World-wide we are extending the average human life-span world-wide we are reducing infant mortality world-wide, across the human spectrum, we are reducing disorder and expiry. With the exception of some industrialized nations, however, the world-wide birth-rate is going up.It doesnt take an advanced degree to see where all this leads. An overflowing world population will finally overload our planets short-term ability to handle everything we throw at it. Increasing greenhouse temperatures, polluted groundwater, single species forests, dying abyssal food chainsthese may just be the beginning. In the final analysis, fortunately, planet earth is sel f-regulating. Unfortunately, this self-regulation is on a time scale that dwarfs human experience. DISEASES Disease is not a severe problem when it is on a small scale.We can handle them easily when few people are affected. Now as our population is very huge diseases spread very rapidly because everyone has a social life also. When diseases become common in a large number of mess then it is very difficult to provide sufficient treatment to all of them. Attack of Dangi last year is the obvious example. TERRORISM Terrorism is simply a state of insecurity. There are a number of causes of terrorism one of them is poverty which is due to overpopulation. Thus, we can say that overpopulation is one of the causes of Terrorism .In our country the basic biological needs ( food, shelter and cloth ) are not being satisfied. Some extremists and Mullahs ensure people that they will satisfy there basic needs if you come with us. The poor people have no other choice thus they shake hand with Mul lahs. When state is not providing basic needs to masses and these extremists are providing then people will go with them. Thus people feel no hesitation in destroying their country on the reign of these people. Terrorism started majorly during and after General Zias Era and there was huge increase in population during the period of Zia.There were only 500 Madrasas in 1977 but in 1987 their number reached 2000. GOVERNANCE CRISIS When people are not getting proper food, health facilities etc and other basic facilities then it means that government is doing nothing or in other words we can say that government is unable to govern the state. Now a days this all is hap in Pakistan. Most of the people blames government for this but government is not solely responsible for it. Its major reason overpopulation. Government can run a state with small population very smoothly but it is very tough to handle millions of people.POVERTY Poverty is majorly due to overpopulation. When there are un ique resources and a population of billions then how people can live a life of boom. Pakistan has a population of approximately 17 crore and resources for only 12. 5 crore then the remaining people have to lead a life full of poverty. In 1970s the the resources were more than the number of individuals but afterwards we just increased our population not resources. Therefore, we are facing such a worst situation. UNEMPLOYMENT Employment is very important for any individual to live a bright life.But unfortunately it is not available to everyone in Pakistan, its major reason is overpopulation. The 60% of our population is less in 25 years in age. The population of Pakistan is considered as close to young population of the world. It is impossible for any government to provide jobs to such a huge number of people. When a large number of people have no jobs then economic growth would be nothing. MAJOR CAUSES OF OVERPOPULATION Decline in the Death Rate The fall in death rates that is decl ine in mortality rate is one fundamental causes of overpopulation. Owing to the dvancements in medicine, man has found cures to the previously fatal diseases. The new inventions in medicine have brought in treatments for most of the dreadful diseases. This has resulted in an increase in the life expectancy of individuals. Mortality rate has declined leading to an increase in population. Owing to modern medications and improved treatments to various illnesses, the overall death rate has gone down. The brighter side of it is that we have been able to fight many diseases and prevent deaths. On the other hand, the medical boon has brought with it, the curse of overpopulation.Rise in the Birth Rate Thanks to the new discoveries in nutritional science, we have been able to bring in increase in the fertility rates of human beings. Medicines of today can boost the reproductive rate in human beings. There are medicines and treatments, which can help in conception. Thus, science has led to an increase in birth rate. This is certainly a reason to be proud and happy but advances in medicine have also become a cause of overpopulation. Migration Immigration is a problem in some parts of the world.If the inhabitants of various countries move to a particular part of the world and settle over there, the area is bound to suffer from the ill effects of overpopulation. If the rates of emigration from a certain nation do not match the rates of immigration to that country, overpopulation makes its way. The country becomes overly populated. Crowding of immigrants in certain parts of the world, results in an imbalance in the density of population. Lack of Education Illiteracy is another important cause of overpopulation. Those lacking education fail to understand the need to prevent excessive growth of population.They are unable to understand the harmful effects that overpopulation has. They are unaware of the ways to control population. Lack of family planning is commonly seen in t he illiterate lot of the world. This is one of the major factors leading to overpopulation. Due to ignorance, they do not take to family planning measures, thus contributing to a rise in population. Viewing the issue of increasing population optimistically, one may say that overpopulation means the increase in human resources. The increase in the number of people is the increase in the number of productive hands and creative minds.But we cannot ignore the fact that the increase in the number producers implies an increase in the number of consumers. Greater number of people requires a greater number of resources. Not every nation is capable of providing its people with the adequate amount of resources. The ever-increasing population will eventually direct no nation capable of providing its people with the resources they need to thrive. When the environment fails to accommodate the living beings that inhabit it, overpopulation becomes a disaster. SUMMARY This report is about populati on crisis which is the most severe problem of present world.Pakistan is one of those countries whose population has increased dramatically and now the population of Pakistan is approximetly 20 crore. All major crisis and problems which Pakistan is facing are majorly due to overpopulation. The big reasons of overpopulation are decline in death rate, increase in birth rate and lack of education. If population growth would not be controlled then Pakistan will have a population of 40 crore in 2030. CONCLUTIONS From all above discussion it is concluded that overpopulation is the most important problem that we are facing now a days.If it is not controlled now then we have to face some severe crisis in near future. Our population is increaing rapidly and if it keep on growing at the same rate then in 2030 the population of pakistan will become largest population fo the world. It is obvious that that with all our efforts we can not manage such a huge population. Thus, we have to take some s teps to control population. Our resources are not as much to feed such a large population due to which we are facing food crisis, health crisis, etc. Pakistan is a developing country and it can not increase its resources to such a graet extent.Due to overpopulation in the near future Pakistan will have to face civil war. RECOMMENDATIONS Following are some recommendations to control overpopulation cook people regarding population crisis Encourage Immigrations Career Opportunities For The Women Develop policies like one or two children each textlist-item Do not allow refugees to enter in Pakistan APPENDIX Demographics of *Islamic Republic of Pakistan* Population of Pakistan, 1961-2003 POPULATION BY PROVINCE/REGION SINCE 1951 POPOULATION OF WORLD drawframe TODAYS PAKISTAN drawframeBIBLOGRAPHY www. google. com www. wikipedia. com www. ask. com www. census. gov. pk www. times. com www. answers. com GLOSSARY *Overpopulation *Overpopulation is a condition where an organisms numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its habitat. In common parlance, the term often refers to the relationship between the human population and its environment, the Earth. INDEX Population crisis, 9 * Food Crisis, 16 * Pakistan, 9 Domestic Policy*, 18* Overpopulation, 9 Multy-Sectoral Stratgy, *18* *Individual, 9 * * Ministry Of Finance*, 18 Organism, 10 Health Crisis, 20Carrying Capacity, 10 Hospitals, 20 Habitat, 10 Pollution, 20 Environment, 10 Radioactive Waste, 20 *Resources, 10* * *Ground Water, 20 Interacting, 11 * *Diseases, 21 *Exponential Growth, 11* * *Social Life 21 *Human population, 11* * Terrorism*, 22 *Rich Countries, 12* * I*nsecurity, 22 *Americans, 12* * *Biological Needs, 22 *Census, 13* * *General Zia, 22 *Birth Rate, 14* * Governance Crisis, 2* Death Rate, 14 Poverty, 23 *Age Structure, 14* * *Scarce Resources, 23 Unemployment, 23 Decline In Death Rate, 24 Rise In Birth Rate, 24 Migration, 25 Lack Of education, 24 Conclusion, 27