Education psychology Essay

Introduction Paragraph Teachers are important, because they are many students role models, My perception of an ideal teacher is basically of a good human being, kind, compassionate, understanding and forgiving, who is interesting and fun loving, someone, who loves us and can make teaching interesting. Teaching is considered to be a noble profession but today people opt for this profession without giving a thought to the sacrifice, commitment and dedication it needs. There are many teachers but it would not be wrong say that very few have the aptitude and attitude to become teachers, many are in this profession more for the sake of earning money. An ideal teacher is the one who loves students and can inspire them. An ideal teacher should know the subject well and can make it so interesting that children do not get bored. When he/she teaches, the students are spell bound. An ideal teacher is a good actor who can put life into any dull topic. Students want to be in the class by choice and not by force. He/she should have a good sense of humor, not sensitive, can laugh at him and can also laugh with the students. He/she does not get angry easily and can enjoy each moment of being with students. He/she should be like a friend in whom the students can confide easily without the fear of being ridiculed or criticized. An ideal teacher is kind and forgiving. He/she always has time to solve problems of the students, not losing his/her temper. He/she is honest, disciplined, simple and humble. He/she never brags about what he/she knows and does not try to prove that he/she is God and knows everything. A good teacher is also not proud, but ready to accept his mistakes and does not hesitate to apologize. Thus, a teacher with the above qualities would be an ideal teacher I guess.

Sendsad Your Friends a Free Gifts

Introduction In Malaysia, the foreign workers are come Malaysia to work from another country such as comes from Thailand, Indonesia, and each another. The foreign workers can be employed in the manufacturing, construction, plantation, agricultural, services and domestic help sector. Even in Malaysia, the foreign workers have been increase comes from another country to employ. Today, we are going to present on the causes, effects and ways to prevent about foreign workers comes to Malaysia to work. Body Causes Firstly, the causes of foreign workers comes Malaysia to work is exchange rate are bigger (MYR). They are hardworking to work. * The Malaysia economic is higher than their own country. Effect The first of foreign workers comes Malaysia to work is unemployment rate increase. * The local worker very difficult to find the jobs in Malaysia. * Local workers are do no to work likes manufacturing, construction, plantation, agricultural, services and each another. They want to give forei gn workers to work hard. Advantages Foreign worker come and work in Malaysia will bring some advantages: * Increase Malaysia economy * Low wages or salary that pay to foreign worker Disadvantages Related reading: Disadvantages of Foreign Workers in MalaysiaForeign worker come and work in Malaysia will bring some disadvantages * Unemployment rate for Malaysia citizens will increase * Crime rate will be increase Problem Solving It have some ways to solving the problem of too much foreign worker work in Malaysia * Government lack of control or irresponsible * To reduce reliance on low wages Conclusion In conclusion, although foreign worker come and work in Malaysia will bring some advantages and disadvantages, our government have to think about the Malaysia citizen and increase the chances for Malaysia citizen to get a job.

American Hero

War hero and American hero are just a few terms you can use to describe this prestigious jewel who willingly and courageously led one of the biggest redemption in the United States. We all know the story of Harriet Tubman or to African Americans The Moses of Her People. We all know of the underground railroad, but do we actually know how these paths and secret passages later help the united states. Harriet Tubman led many events and revolts that has shaped and mold the America today. Harriet Tubman was born into slavery around 1820 in Dorchester county, Maryland. (Douglas Jones) Her name was originally Araminta but after marrying her husband John Tubman she changed her first and last name becoming now known as Harriet Tubman. After fear of being sold she decided that it was going to be freedom or death, so she ran away with her brothers following the north star to freedom. After awhile her brothers became afraid and decided to turn around and Harriet reached Philadelphia alone. Here she joined the abolitionist movement. After realizing what she had done Harriet returned for more of her people helping them to freedom. On this nail biting voyage Harriet would drop off the slaves to these people who she came in contact with that were willing to help. These homes where the slaves would be left at were called safe houses. You may wonder how people were brave just like her to follow her and trust that they too would be saved and led to freedom, but it was some who did not believe it could be done and would try to turn around scared that they would be caught. If they were skeptical and asked about returning, it is said that Tubman would use her gun to scare the people and tell them its either freedom or death. Over the course of 10 years, and at great personal risk, Tubman made 19 trips to Maryland and helped 300 people escape to freedom along the Underground Railroad. (Douglas Jones) Her dedication to her people shows why she is the true American hero. It is way more to it then what she did for the U.S her character plays a major role in how she was able to achieve all of these accomplishments she was risky, gave her time (dedication), her selflessness and willingness Is what helped the united states and more importantly the black people in the world today. Her legacy is fading away in history books and history teachers lessons today. But we all known her multiple accomplishments paved the way for many in this day and age. Set aside from the underground railroad, Harriet served as a nurse for soldiers in the civil war for four years, although this is the least of her activities she took place in, it did help progress in the united states. Also, during the civil was she served as a scout, nurse and spy for the U.S. this came in handy for the U.S because she actually used her passages to get supplies to the north for the war while also helping in the war leading the north to victory. Harriet spied for the union and talked ex-slaves into doing the same, sometimes even going into confederate territory to help union soldiers gather information that could win battles. (Allen, pg.12) in 1863, became the first woman in American history to originate and lead a combat unit in an armed assault. (Douglas Jones) the north winning the war did not stop Harriet. She continued to fight for freedom and for womens suffrage. There are many stories that backs up these accusations about Moses. Slaves that traveled with her told her story and lived through her legacy. Harriet did many things to help this country, now women believe they can do such things as Harriet did. She stood up for us men and women, and now our people today are not afraid to speak out on these issues. Her service in the war started the movement for the abolishment of slavery. It is not how much she did it is what she did that allows me to walk around freely around ANY race. McDonough, Yona Zeldis., and Nancy Harrison. Who Was Harriet Tubman? New York: Grosset Dunlap, 2016. Allen, Thomas B., and Carla Bauer. Harriet Tubman, Secret Agent: How Daring Slaves and Free Blacks Spied for the Union during the Civil War. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2009.Sterling, Dorothy. Freedom Train: The Story of Harriet Tubman. New York, NY: Scholastic, 1991.Weatherford, Carole Boston, and Kadir Nelson. Moses: When Harriet Tubman Led Her People to Freedom. Los Angeles: Disney, Jump at the Sun, 2006.

Post World War II Migration to the Suburbs Research Paper

Post World War II Migration to the Suburbs - Research Paper Example In the period after World War II, life started changing back to normal with the soldiers and other returning war veterans. One of the major factors that led to the Post World War II migration to the suburbs is the returning World War II Veterans. The return of the war veterans contributed to the Post World War II migration to the suburbs in two ways. First, the soldiers who were fighting in the World War II sought a place to live, as they started obtaining peacetime jobs and earning a living in different ways, as opposed to fighting on the battlefronts (Garnett, 285). In their attempt to earn a living, the soldiers and war veterans could not find sufficient accommodation in the urban areas, due to the shortage of housing in the urban regions. This being the case, the war veterans had to seek for a place to live, which was not far from the urban areas, and thus would allow them to commute from the urban areas where they were working in industries and other sectors back to their homes (Stahura, 317). This led to the development of various suburbs in close proximity to the main towns and cities. This saw a move from the urban areas to the suburbs, which was not only meant for the War veterans, but also for the other urban residents who found that the suburbs had developed close to the urban areas, and therefore it was easy for them to commute to and from the suburbs. It is this pressure of developing housing for the returning war veterans that saw many suburbs develop, especially between 1947 and 1951 (Richard and Frederic, 43).

HI 325C The Frontier Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HI 325C The Frontier - Essay Example Kit Carson uses those virtues and skills to overcome challenges and hardships in the Rocky Mountains. One, he uses his keenness to protect himself and other traders. One instance when Kit Carson’s promptness of action is tested is the night when an inexperienced guard alerts them of invading Indians. Kit Carson is seen to be on his feet in an instant with a pistol on his hand (Abbott 12). It is asserted that the loss of a single second may give an enemy the opportunity to launch its attack and disappear in the dark night. Kit Carson reacts quickly and shoots his mule. Nevertheless, it is a false alarm. Two, his persistence enables him to hunt for food and find a suitable location to set camp. Carson travels for over fifty miles with his mule and horse, looking at every stream and creek, being on the lookout for any indication of a beaver. Kit Carson selects a location for his camp after travelling past a meandering stream circling through the centre, which he believes has a la rge number of beavers (Abbott 17). Finally, his acquaintance of the Spanish language becomes a beneficial investment to him. It enables him to retain everything that the expert ranger of the woods convey in respect to the topography of the Far West, the challenges to be encountered, and the ways of dealing with them. Part 2 Last of the Mohicans This part will discuss whether the movie Last of the Mohicans portray the Trans-Appalachian frontier of the 1750s as a bloody â€Å"no-man’s-land† between clashing empires, or as a â€Å"middle ground† in which settlers and natives interact peacefully and exchange culture on equal terms. It will also evaluate whether it portrays Indians as bloodthirsty and savage or as peaceful and virtuous, and look at how the British and French officials in this film differ in their attitude toward Indians and colonial settlers. The movie portrays the Trans-Appalachian frontier of the 1750s as a bloody â€Å"no-man’s-land† between clashing empires. From the start of the movie there is a battle for the control of colonial America by the French and British troops. The British troops seek military assistance from a number of Native American war groups who are not willing to leave their residence undefended. As the French and British soldiers fight for the control of the North America, the natives and the settlers are compelled to take sides. In recruiting Native Americans for their military battles, the

HR Management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HR Management - Term Paper Example The human resource function has evolved with the changes in workforce attitude, technology, sociological factors, changing labor laws, and the changing organization environment (Mello, 2002). During the earlier ages, the HR problems related to absenteeism in the work place, poor working conditions, termination of production due to workers dissatisfaction, and other operational problems like lateness in reporting to work. Apple Corporation in its bid to lead in the technology sector has concentrated on engaging qualified and talented workforce with innovative skills in the development of its products. This has ensured that it introduces iPhones and Macintosh computers that are in high demand in the market. Moreover, strategic HR roles have seen the employees’ participate in the formulation of policies that help steward the business into success. The company has assiduously rewarded its employees and recognized their talents while training their employees’ skills through training. The economic cycle like the depression saw businesses experience dwindling profits and operational risks. This forced organizations to review their HR policies and functions in order to develop strategies that would ensure organizational survival and competitiveness (Boroughs, Palmer & Hunter, 2008). The government through the formulation of labor laws resulted in significant improvements in the working conditions and better employee pay. Currently, businesses are faced with completely new HR challenges that decelerate the realization of business goals and objectives. The current HR department has therefore been mandated with the duty of ensuring they attract and retain a workforce that has the potential of stewarding the businesses towards success. With the shift from administrative roles to strategic roles, HR managers apart from doing their administrative duties also play a center role in the execution of strategic functions. Strategies help businesses to reposition the mselves for competition and develop competencies for the changing market conditions (Mello, 2002). Therefore, the HR managers do several strategic functions. First, strategic managers assist in the formulation of strategic policies and principles that would help see the business develop competitive strengths against the competitors.HR managers take part in this process by ensuring that the engagement of employees and whole workforce reflects the necessary skills that would enable the business take measures that would ensure business succeed. In developing these policies, the HR managers will ensure that the recruited employees have the ability to develop strategies that leads to business success. Secondly, the HR department has the responsibility of developing strategic alliances that would enable the business enter into partnership with other businesses. Businesses form strategic alliances with other strategic partners with a bid to gain competitive strengths that would enable them maximize their returns and gain operational efficiency (Mello, 2002). Before entering into such partnerships and alliances, strategic managers have to ensure that such alliances are properly evaluated to determine their productivity. This can only be realized if the HR department carefully selects qualified staff with the

Aristotle and Relationship at Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Aristotle and Relationship at Work - Essay Example The excellences most properly human, then, are the intellectual excellences, and happiness consists primarily in activity in accordance with those excellences -- it is a form of intellectual activity Aristotle sees happiness as one of the main issues in life of human beings. In his works, happiness is referred as "eudaimonia". To say that happiness concerns the soul or the animator is to say that human flourishing requires the exercise of certain of the faculties by which life is defined; in particular, a person cannot be said to flourish as a human being unless he is exercising distinctively human faculties. "Happiness is an activity 'in accordance with excellence" (Kraut 83). To flourish is to do certain things excellently or well. A man who exercises his faculties but does so inefficiently or badly cannot be said to be making a success of his life. Then what are the excellences in accordance with which we must act if we are to make a success of things Aristotle distinguishes between excellences of character and excellences of intellect. The former include both what we think of as moral virtues -- courage, generosity, fairmindedness, and so on, and also such dispositions as a proper self-respect, an appropriate degree of ostentation, and wit; the latter include such things as knowledge, good judgment, 'practical wisdom'. In addition, Aristotle spends some time in discussing the quasi-excellence of friendship (Chang 64). According to Pangle: For the pursuit of this highest good must begin precisely by questioning the goodness of what is one's own, the goodness of the reigning pieties of those among whom one is born, and the likelihood that simple fellowship with kindred souls can ever be the core of happiness, as bewitchingly desirable as it may seem" (35). Thus any choice or possession of the natural goods, goods of the body, wealth, friends, or any other good, which will best produce contemplation by the god [that is to say, by our intellect, the god within us], is best and is the finest standard; and any which, either because of deficiency or because of excess, prevents us from cultivating the god and from contemplating, is bad.' To flourish, to make a success of life, requires engagement in intellectual pursuits. Aristotle thought that such pursuits were immensely enjoyable, and that the intellectual life offered an unparalleled happiness Chang 64). Friendship is seen by Aristotle as a desired goals of human relations, but he accepts friendship between equals only. Aristotle lists some defining characteristics of friendship. A friend wishes and does what is good for

Gay Marriage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Gay Marriage - Research Paper Example It also questions various ethical, social, cultural, and in fact, physical or naturally-occurring norms. In the longer run, these problems and conceptual disagreement may pose great negative impacts on the generations to come. The cynical effects of allowing gay marriages are so diverse that it will not be appropriate to overlook them. This paper is an attempt to unveil those significant matters, conceptual deviations and complications that this issue entails. To derive a fair conclusion, the thesis will be evaluated on numerous notable aspects affiliated with homosexuality. Gay marriage is an unnatural union: Michael Levin, a renowned author and professor of psychology at City University of New York, stated that â€Å"Homosexual activists are partial to genetic explanations and hostile to Freudian environmentalism† (Levin 235). The point cannot be denied that the relationship shared by gays is unnatural and defies the laws of nature to procreate, which produces profound impac t on their family and a question mark on socially accepted gender roles. Gay Marriage refers to the union of two homosexual males who are unsure about their sexual orientation and decide to receive social acceptance for their relationship through a legal agreement. The unsettlement or uncertainty of their sexual orientation is caused by numerous factors such as biological, but societal interferences and early-childhood experiences greatly influence a person's sexual preferences afterwards. Hence, it can be stated that not all homosexuals are born with this sort of inclination, and it is not always genetic. (Barlow and Durand 351) Furthermore, even if it is genetic, it is curable through modern therapeutic techniques. â€Å"Clinicians evidently agree that it is possible for a person to be homosexual at one period of his life and heterosexual at another," revealed Levin (235). What makes the homosexual urge unnatural is that procreation is the main task God created mankind for, and o nly that process can be termed as natural which functions the way it has been designed for (McDowell 1201). If homosexuality prevails, encouraged and promoted in society, then the very essence of life gets betrayed, and the world will be exempt of life in no time. Moreover, homosexuality cannot be included in the natural category since it upholds personal pleasure, and homosexuals can be referred to as people caring less about society and only about their satisfaction. Patrick Buchanan rightly proclaims that â€Å"the poor homosexuals- they have declared war upon nature, and now nature is exacting an awful retribution† (Wells 259). Moreover, unlike lesbians, gays cannot even utilize artificial methods for the sake of procreation. Ryan Normandin, editor of The Tech, researched about this aspect and concluded that â€Å"Same-sex couples are unable to procreate, meaning that there is no compelling interest to subsidize their marriages† (5). There is an important point for governments to understand in this statement. That is, when supporters of homosexuality propagate that attainment of â€Å"enhanced happiness† should be the central focus of allowing gay marriage; it gives rise to the debate on subsidizing everything that promotes happiness. It can be anything, from a simple item like chocolate to human-pet marriage, incest, abortion or even brother-sister marriage. Homosexuality is a psychological

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 9

Strategic Management - Essay Example stores is able to pass on the benefits of low costs in terms of onto the customer, and this policy has earned them rich benefits, especially during post war periods and recessionary times. Fundamentally this is a food and grocery store, having its own branded goods. Most of their products are their own labeled brands, and perhaps, there would only be one or two other kinds of competing brands for each kind of product. While this restricts the choice of customers regarding variety, it induces greater sale and movement of goods. Thus, the need for having a large number of tagged brands (which may not even be moving products) is obviated, and only products that sell fast are kept on pallets. Perhaps one of the distinguishing aspects regarding Aldi’s type of business is that goods are stocked in pallets, customers pick up their required items from these pallets, and load into their trolleys, which are to be compulsorily used after paying a refundable token towards use of trolley. After the pallet is empty, these are again refurbished, and the process goes on. Most of the products found are Aldi’s own labeled and branded products, and not much of other competing products or brands are found in Aldi stores. This reduces inventory carrying costs and the economic risks of having to stock a large number of brands, which may or may not sell. â€Å"The impact of using Value Chain Analysis by  is that it provides cheaper products to the consumers. In the past months, according to the Centre for Retail Studies, (2006) the cheaper products that Aldi gave the consumers impacted both the two biggest supermarkets in Australia, the Coles Myer and Woolworths. The compa nies came up with different strategies like Everyday low pricing (EDLP) and Save Everyday strategies.† (Undertake a full value chain (complementors) analysis of the Australian supermarket industry and its implications on the each of the three super market chains (Woolwoths, Coles and Aldi) 2009, para.19). The

Change Insight Analysis Paper Essay Example for Free

Change Insight Analysis Paper Essay Managing change is an ideal process in organizational management and greatly helps in realization of organizational goals and objectives. In business, change insight management is analyzed by different theoretical models that are essential in business process. As a result, this paper analyzes the three basic change models theories. These are discussed as follows: The Kotter’s 8-Step Change Model, The Marvin Weisbord’s Six Model and the Linda Ackerman Anderson’s 9 Phase. The three theoretical models on change management discuss the various strategies of managing and coping with organizational change. In particular, the strengths and weakness of each model are analyzed. Further the application of each theoretical model on change management in an organizational setting is discussed. Kotters 8-Step Change Model See more: analytical writing In business change is the only constant. John Kotter, a change expert and a professor of Harvard business school and a renowned leadership and management guru. In his book, leading change, Kotter discussed the 8-Step Model to change management as follows: The first step is creation of urgency. In order for change to happen, the whole organization must be in dire need of the organizational change. Thus, the leadership and management must develop the need for change among the members of the team. In administering change in an organization, the management is expected to identify the potential threats to develop scenarios that indicate the possible projections on what can happen in future. The other step in management of change involves the formation of a powerful coalition. This is attained by convincing people that change is necessary and important. This must take strong leadership efforts and activities to implement. To achieve this, the leadership and management team must ask for emotional commitment, work with the team building in change coalition as well as evaluating the team for weak areas to enhance a good mix for of different people from different departments. The third step in the Kotter’s Model of change management involves creation of vision for change. At this point, the leadership management must determine the values that are essential for change, create a short summary and have a strategy that is applicable in attainment of the expected changes. Communication for buy in is the next  step in achieving organizational change, others step include and not limited to the following: Empowering action, creation of short term wins, do not let up and make the change stick. The Applicability of the Kotter’s 8-Step Change Model The Kotter’s change model is applied in all top-down change processes. For instance, for the projects that have been identified and decided, at the top level of the organizational management. Indeed, the United States Army used the model to prepare their soldiers at the war. The Strengths of the Kotter’s 8-Step Change Model This theoretical model on change management is characterized by the following strengths: First, it is easy to understand, it can well fit into the culture of classical hierarchies, it is well successful when all the steps are applied and exercised. Further, the model focuses on the employee buy in as it focuses on success. The Weaknesses of the Kotter’s 8-Step Change Model To start with, the model is too linear to an extent of leading to wrong assumptions. Second, it is difficult to change the directions of the model when action has already started. Third, the model can result to frustration among the employees when the initial stages of grief and the needs of individuals are not taken care of. The Marvin Weisbord’s Six-Box Model The six-box model of managing organizational change is a leadership and management framework that was developed by an American business analyst Marvin Weisbord with the main aim of assessing the organizational functioning. Its key generic framework in management of organizational change is intended for use and application in a variety of different organization. The Model has its key basis on the assumptions and techniques of the field organizational change and development. The Six-box Model constitute of the following boxes: Purpose that includes a clear definition of the business that an organizations in, structure that explains on the dimension of dividing work among employees, relationships that encompass the techniques of managing all the possible changes in relationships, rewards that constitutes of the definition on incentives and what needs to be done,  leaderships that involves selection of change managers who will help in keeping the five boxes in balance as well as the he lpful mechanisms that are applicable in coordination of the technologies that are necessary in management and leadership. The Application of Marvin Weisbord’s Six-Box Model This model is applicable in organizations where there is a need to look or consider the organizational structures and designs in a specified way. Indeed, the model is applicable in areas of change management that needs planning, rewards, incentives, and the role of support functions that include international organizations, partnerships and standards of remunerations. In addition, the model is particularly useful at times when consultation have little time that is desirable for diagnosis or when a relatively less complicated organizational map is required for quick service. The Strengths of the Marvin Weisbord’s Six-Box Model The first strength of the model is attributed to the fact that the model is the most suitable in helping the change leadership development manager to effectively visualize the organization as a whole system without using key and strange change terminologies. The other strength that is associated with the model is in its easy application. Indeed, the model is easily understandable and can be well applied by any change manager who can actively engage in change development. The Weaknesses of the Marvin Weisbord’s Six-Box Model The Marvin Weisbord’s Six-Box model has the following weaknesses. First, the model is only applicable in organizations that are constituted by the six boxes. This mean that organizations that are not characterized by the above discussed components can not effective apply the model in management of change leadership. Moreover, the model is weak because it cannot be conveniently applied to manage organizational change in organizations with complex organizational structures. Linda Ackerman Anderson and Dean Anderson 9 Phase Model on Change Leadership Roadmap Methodology This is a model of managing organizational change that is mainly rooted in the change in leadership road map. The theoretical model is sidelined in the designation  and the implementation of the major organizational transformations. The main question analyzed by the model is on the availability of a roadmap that is needed by an organization in realizing change. The first phase of the model is preparation to lead the change. Here, the organizational leadership selects the leaders that are needed to change the organization in order to attain the organizational success. This is the most important phase because it addresses the key process of the decision making in the efforts of change administration. The main purpose of this phase is to prepare the leaders to lead the change in accomplishment of six main activities. The two basic activities out of the six main activities are outlined as follows: Staffing and starting up the change efforts with the use of change expertise in leadership, determination of the case for change and the exact scope of the change and the expected outcomes. The other phases of this model include creation of commitment, organizational vision and capability, assessment of situation in determination of design requirements, plan and design the implementation of the change activities, implement the required organizational change, celebrate and integrate the new state on change management as well as learning and course correcting the change. The Application of Ackerman Anderson 9 Phase Model This model is applicable in offering the specialized change leadership development as well as transformational leadership in organizations that are consulting on change. Indeed, the founders of the model are the owners of Being First, Inc., a company that has adopted the model to guide and advice Fortune 1000 companies, non-profit organizations, government agencies, and international change consultancies that are in need of assistance in change leadership management and transformational leadership. The Strengths of the Ackerman Anderson 9 Phase Model There are several strengths that are associated with the Ackerman Anderson 9 phase model. First, the model is useful in attaining favorable tangible results that a firm is after in administration of change. This is achieved faster will little or no costs in the business or people. In addition, the model helps in building an organization change skills and capabilities. This greatly helps to consistently realize the maximum benefits realized from a  successful change. Moreover, the model is helpful in transforming the organizational culture and the people in an organization. This is essential in attainment of the desired organizational change. Furthermore, the model is evidenced by its strengths in the development of the mangers and leaders to become competent in transforming the organization to realize the needed organizational change. Most important, the model is applied in the development of internal consultants to become an expert change consultants’. Notably, the Ackerman Anderson 9 phase model of change management in ensuring all the possible change strategy development and process planning. This is because change strategy development and the process of planning are essential for complex change transformation. The Weaknesses of Ackerman Anderson 9 Phase Model Irrespective of the numerous strengths of the model, its key weaknesses cannot be underestimated. These are described as follows: First, skipping a phase in the change leadership roadmap or a key decision leads to numerous impacts that can dismantle all the established changes. Moreover, failure to customize the change process can result to discouragement on the identity of the customers in respect to the best change practices. Conclusion Change insight analysis is essential in managing organizational change. This is because of the available theoretical models that play an essential role in leadership and transformational development. The essential three models include and not limited to the following: Ackerman Anderson 9 phase model, Marvin Weisbord’s Six-Box model and the Kotter’s 8 Step Change model. All the three models are applicable in different ways and each consists of its strengths and weaknesses.

Living Building Challenge BREEAM: Non-Residential Building

Living Building Challenge BREEAM: Non-Residential Building Rethinking the Application of the Living Building Challenge BREEAM for Non-Residential Buildings in the UK Building certification and assessment has been in spotlight since the rise of the concept of sustainable development, the need to improve building performance and reduce our consumption. Growing from a shared ideology of Jason F.Mclennans team, to create a utopian idea, the Living Building. One that has high potential for low running costs, high performance and user comfort, the epitome of the definition of sustainability. The living building challenge (LBC) was initially assessed by BNIM against the LEED standard upon its design, to determine its environmental and impact worth in a sustainable matrix.   However, in this paper a cross case investigation between the LBC version 3.0 and BREEAMs code for non-residential buildings 2011, will be undertaken to highlight each certifications merits and shortages. Followed by a cross-case analysis of 2 case studies to reflect on the investigations results. This is in an attempt to highlight which of the assessment methods has more comprehensive and in-depth critical criteria, how its applied by drawing on lessons from the case studies available for study from the public domain, through the LBC and BREEAMs online portals. For years, the race to creating sustainable assessment tools has been on-going to counter a variety of challenges in peoples lives, countries resources and global wellbeing (Rees, 1999, Edwards et al., 2013). Problems in a national scale that include waste tackling, organic and non-organic, energy consumption, water both excess and depravity from it, Carbon Dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions, all of which contribute to national pollution statistics, waste and water treatment expenses and energy production (DEFRA, 2012) . The increase in these costs furthermore continues the cycle to affect the primary user, by raising energy prices for electricity, heating and cooling, county and city taxes and other government or privately provided services (Manne et al., 1991, ASIF et al., 2007). While typical cities contributes to an average of 75% of greenhouse gas emissions according to United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP, 2014),   commercial structures and transportation account for 16.25% and 25% of the United Kingdoms (UK) energy consumption sectors(Department of Energy, 2014, p. 12) . In addition to 38% of the countrys overall energy sinks being accounted towards energy generation, 83% of which is generated through coal power plants, the primary electricity generation method in the UK (Department of Energy, 2014, p. 12), contributing a large emission rate of 0.507 kg CO2/kWh (DEFRA, 2008).   Whilst the housing sector remains the dominant sector, but commercial buildings have been on a rise, to accommodate for different functions, educational, retail, offices and learning institutions. (PMRecon, 2013). The construction sector is in a strong boom (Longworth, Kern and Marshall, 2014), along with construction emissions such as material sourcing, mate rial fabrication, and the buildings operation itself. This paper will be addressing two case studies from the commercial office buildings sector of the construction industry: The Bullitt Center (LBC) and the. Addressing the strategies implemented within each, how each criterion was addressed and the impact on overall performance of the building. In the United Kingdom, the Building Research Establishment (BRE), alongside its assessment tool, the BRE Environmental Assessment Methodology (BREEAM) have formulated a number of schemes to tackle different building types, including but not limited to, BREEAM, BREEAM for commercial buildings, and BREEAM for Sustainable Homes (EcoHomes previously). The Living building challenge is a rigorous assessment tool created and published by Jason F.Mc Lennan and his associates, a project started from the mid-1990s and first coming to light in August 2006. The Living Building Challenge adopts a restorative nature, one that aims to give back to the environment (Warner, 2015). This paper will approach one of the more rigorous certification tools claimed to be applicable to any building type,). By having a net positive strategy, the building creates an excess of its needs, for storage or if possible to be input into nature as a metaphorical tax for trespassing on it (Monbiot et al., 2007). Theres a range of a 100 or more full living certified buildings around the world, the larger percentage being in the USA where the certification resides (ILFI, 2015) . However public record only shows buildings classified as non-private so the numbers can easily be more than that. And theres even a larger amount of partially or petal certified buildings a nd projects (ILFI, 2015) . . Any one building can acquire a number of certifications, relevant to each individual petal. However if a building is certified within all criteria, it gains a Certified Living Building Certificate, considerably the highest award given by the LBC. Followed by individual petal certified buildings, these are structures that have satisfied one or more of the petals, and are most likely awaiting a final audit to be fully certified. The final certification is Net Positive Energy certification, requiring the building to have provide more electricity than calculatedly needed. To achieve net positive energy over course of the year, energy efficient features, electricity generation and passive design are employed. In each section, an analytical and comparative summary of both the LBC and BREEAM will display how each standard addresses the named criterion. It is notable that due to the highly comprehensive nature of the LBC, BREEAM will be compared against the LBCs petals and using the standards and descriptions provided under the LBCs handbook. With the end of each petal, and summarizing this section, the author will conduct a summary comparative analysis between both standards, listing in brief, how each addresses the topics and providing analytical insight into the results. The LBC uses a number of concepts to guide its users through the design and certification process, the terms are derived from various sources, references or the creators own research to construct a logic space through which this tool operates. Typology: Typology refers to the scope and type of project being conducted, this helps identify what imperatives are compatible and can be applied to the project. Renovation: This refers to any project that is not a complete building on its own, but part of a previous building as an addition or rehabilitation of historic or old structures. Infrastructure + Landscape: This refers to projects that operate on an open scale, such as parks, amphitheaters, or other civil projects such as public plazas, exercise fields, bridges and so on. Building: This refers to projects that involve whole buildings both ones already existing and to include renovations or new ones all together. Community: The community challenge applies to a number of structures that coexist together and operate as part of a neighbourhood, community, campus whilst sharing certain amenities such as, but not limited to, roads, green or community areas. Transect: The transect concept is an adaptation of the New Urbanism transect planning approach that was developed and published in the Smart Code manual (latest version 9.2) by the Center for Applied Transect Studies (CATS, 2010). The transect smart code benefits from and adapts Smart Growth and New Urbanism strategies into creating a well divided yet adequately mixed community that supports sustainable growth for community, nature and urban development (Duany, Plater-Zyberk and Company, 2009). In the living building challenge, adequate transects for each project must be identified according to footprint and site scale in order to adapt the appropriate imperatives to suit the site as such that it is developed to be a productive part of its context. Whilst that approach allows for a natural flow of urban development, imposing guidelines that regulate form without function on a city scale causes complications, specifically when applied on a regulatory scale, some documents might be too technical and complicated as to negate architectural design creativity and hinder functions that occupy these buildings. (Garnett, 2013, pp. 571 588). Fortunately within the Living Building Challenge, these concepts are not strictly applied, but are merely regulated in the latest addition in version 3.0 stating that buildings needs to adapt beauty and reflect on their context, but stated exceptions due to local regulations are allowed. Scale Jumping: In case the projects place petal amenities require space larger than required or there is potential for cooperation, it is possible to scale jump these areas as long as they serve more than one building or site, and as long as theyre off the main project zone. Colour coding in the next section will be used to mark the start of paragraphs marking ones that include Living Building Standard to differentiate them for the ones comparing with BREEAM. The Living Building Functions as a Certification, accompanied with a guidance manual, used to achieve named certification. It classifies the different categories within to a series of broad umbrellas, or Petals. Each petal is composed of a number of relevant criteria, named imperatives. The LBCs categories are divided into seven petals, which encompass a set of comprehensive criteria, the acceptable methods and parameters needed to achieve them.   The Petals summarized into the following table reflects the Living Building Institutes vision into the main categories that should be addressed to achieve a comprehensive regenerative design according to the LBCs vision: Place Net Positive Water Net Positive Energy Health Happiness Materials Equity Beauty Whilst the set of Petals assigned by the LBC might be considered of a wide scope, it is however a certification and not a technical standard, thus by comparison, BREEAM encompasses more sections, which are different arrange by marginally align with the components within the LBC. Management Health and Wellbeing Energy Transport Water Waste Land Use Ecology Pollution Innovation Despite the larger number of sections, items such as Land Use, Ecology and Transport are embodied within the Place Petal. Waste is segregated and included within the Water and Materials petals, pertaining to organic waste, food waste and construction components. Pollution is divided across all petals, and emphasized within Health Happiness, Place and Materials petals to regulate pollution within surrounding and indoor environments. Finally given the LBCs transparency policy, it sponsors a system of declaration and comprehensive calculation and checks regarding each Petal from design to end of life, thus concluding with the Equity and Beauty Petals which are no included within the BREEAM, yet left open ended within the LBC. I. Place Petal The place petal, formerly the Site petal, is the first of the set, it relates to the projects setting, its site, surroundings, ecology and is concerned with placing the building its appropriate surroundings. The petal addresses all projects despite scale, surroundings or function, the designer, or design team as stated must work into defining the site appropriately to understand how to protect the sites ecology and restore it post-construction. The Place petal is heavily affected by each sites Living Transect assigned to it, project area or scale jumping and thus the petal guidebook has been rigidly assigned to ensure that all calculations and certifications have been unified. The place petal includes 04 Imperatives, listed briefly; Limits to Growth Urban Agriculture Habitat Exchange Human-Powered Living The Imperatives within the Place Petal, as previously mentioned are comparable to some of the criteria listing under the Transport, Ecology and Site sections within the BREEAM documentation. Enforcing the regenerative nature of the LBC, this petal sponsors a strategy of ecological preservation and rehabilitation as a result of human activities. All of which is sponsored by BREEAM however not enforced as rigidly nor is it mandatory, except for the Habitat Exchange petal, reflected in LE 03, minimizing impact on existing ecology. However, it does not enforce a requirement for a net zero or net positive impact on the environment, but rewards based on reducing the negative impact on the environment between a negative to net zero range. Briefly summarized, the comparison between both sets of regulations takes a positive stand against ecological decay, requiring the maintenance of local ecology and further development, not simply the mitigation of any further damage or simply reducing the damage caused. Whilst on a small scale, it would benefit local ecology, this strategy has to be employed on a wider scale to start mitigating or reversing global decay of natural environments. However, the lack of exact calculations that would measure the effect of any construction in any existing ecosystem of high or low value, makes it essential that the LBC needs other regulatory systems and assessment tools to supplement and optimize its performance.   It is apparent that the application of this section requires the expertise of an ecological specialist for both systems, and would be high in cost. Ultimately as the LBC is a restorative system, it remains important to perform this task as part of the metaphorical price of intruding on nature. In addition, addressing the Transport section of BREEAM, reflected within Human powered living and the Transects concept of the LBC. The LBC encourages walkable communities, the use of bicycles and non-engine operated modes of transportation with the more populated transects, restricting use of cars to commute in and out of these zones. In addition, it requires estimating the need for storages and car parks based on demand, providing accessibility for mobility and the use of human powered transport and finally. Apart from the effect of that policy on pollution, it does reduce the carbon and energy cost of transportation, such as commute and food miles and ultimately promotes awareness and healthy lifestyles. BREEAM while advocating similar requirements, also adds the needs for compact urban design, to reduce the need for modes of transportation, rather than regulating these modes of transportation. In summary, the need to address users needs for storage, distances and methods of comm ute is imperative to reducing the overall pollution and energy impacts of the residing community. Finally, and exclusively required by the LBC, enforcing a policy of urban agriculture, reducing food miles and a policy to encourage food storage within households sets the LBC apart. One can criticize however that the requirements of farmable land per building footprint are disproportionate to the density of users occupying it and would need to be rectified to meet realistic expectations. II. Water Petal The water petal governs the production, use and disposal of all fluid and water based materials on site, including potable water, grey water, black water, storm and rainwater harvesting, managing it, storage and disposing of the excess. The water petal only contains one imperative, which is an update from net zero water in version 2.1 to be Imperative 05. Net Positive Water in version 3.0 (LBI, 2015g). In brief, the Net positive water imperative advocates the compatibility between water systems on site and natural water systems depending on site and climate. It states that any water used on site must be part of a closed loop system where all used water must be captured on site by means of precipitation, rain or storm water collection, grey water treatment or ground water supply if possible. Of course exceptions are made in case of extreme climatic conditions where it is not feasible or where the natural supply cannot satisfy consumption due to user capacity, where an appeal can be made given proper support. In comparison, BREEAM has Wat01-Wat04 criteria (BRE, 2014),, only Wat01 that specifies water consumption is mandatory, with a minimum performance of providing 12.5% of water consumption within the building throug h closed loop methods and a maximum five credit score for providing 55% or more of consumed water in the building. Similar to BREEAM Wat02 criterion (BRE, 2014), the LBC Water Petal requires monitoring of use constantly over the year, month by month and in detail. Unlike and in a stricter approach than BREEAM however, the water monitoring process is rigid and highly detailed, requires documentation of all production, use and sinks of water in the structure (LBI, 2015g). It also promotes the jump scaling of this imperative to benefit the community, where a cistern or a unified water storage can be shared between multiple sites, the community, ecosystem or agricultural land. Concluding the   water petal, due to Englands Koepen-Geiger climate zone being Cfb, one that has an average of 800mm annual rainfall during the whole year (World Maps of Kà ¶ppen-Geiger climate classification, 2010, Kottek et al., 2006, pp. 259-263), applying an efficient water harvesting strategy would not be a difficult challenge, the problem would arise with treatment and storage specially on smaller sites, which in turn creates opportunities for jump scaling and providing neighbourhood benefit. III. Energy petal Just like the Water Petal, managing resources in the Living Building Standard have taking a developmental step towards net positive, thus as an upgrade from v2.1 of the Energy Petal that advocated Net Zero energy to the new Energy Imperative 06. Net Positive Energy (LBI, 2015a). In summary, the new Net Positive imperative calls for the production of one hundred and five percent (105%) of the projects energy requirement are satisfied on site by sustainable and renewable energy methods on a net annual basis. What adds to this petals challenge, is the need for resilience, the requirement to store energy for emergency in addition to night-time use. The resilience component requires a minimum of 10% of essential lighting load and refrigerator operation for up to a week (LBI, 2015a). A formidable challenge in England; due to the low number of sunny hours annually, reaching an average of 1493 hours of sun per year (Current Results Weather, 2015) making the return to solar origins concept adopted by LBC a solution that might not be entirely financially viable. What sets this strategy apart from other assessment methodologies is the prohibiting of combustion, burning of any material, biomass, biofuels, alternative or conventional fuels due to the possibility of harmful gas emissions, as well as the release of greenhouse gases despite how efficient the combustion module is (McLennan, 2010). On the other hand, BREEAM does not ban the use of combustion energy sources, but relies on the relationship between energy use and Carbon Dioxide emissions, which release nitrates and carbon compounds that account for global warming (Johnson, 2009, pp. 165-168). BREEAM aims for a zero carbon approach, with potential for Carbon Negative buildings acting as sinks. Both systems require a twelve-month monitoring period to determine the buildings efficiency when occupied. However, given the authors current research, it is likely a performance gap may be observed due to human use discrepancies that were not accounted for using Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP), and are not adequately measured using the LBCs online calculators. IV. Materials Petal The materials petal aims to create a future of materials economy that is non-toxic, regenerative and avoid any negative effects on occupants health, the material petal aims to use materials that can be re-used while eliminating the concept of construction waste while staying financially viable, functionally efficient and aesthetically pleasing (LBI, 2015c). Due to production costs, sourcing, transportation distance and the general economy, sourcing these materials remain to be a challenge, but the LBC attempts to counter that challenge by creating a guideline to follow that will allow achieving its targets without any negative impacts. The materials petal has been put ahead of the Health Happiness Petal since the outcome of an adequate material petal certification will lead to the final outcome of Health and Happiness. The Material petal is composed of five imperatives that will be briefly discussed and critically compared to the BREEAMs six material criteria and six waste criteria, both of which are grouped under the Materials Petal in a brief yet comprehensive guideline. The five imperatives are listed as follows, Red List Embodied Carbon Footprint Net Positive Waste Responsible Industry Living Economy Sourcing Imperative 10. Red List advocated the elimination of worst-in-class materials and chemicals as it dictates, ones with the greatest negative impact to occupant and ecological health. The list includes a large number of petroleum products, polymers and compounds that contribute to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) spreading in construction as well as other harmful chemicals that lead to a number of physiopathological mechanisms, respiratory diseases and disorders they might cause to occupants (Fernà ¡ndez et al., 2013, pp. 22-27) including but not limited to symptoms such as irritations, coughing and respiratory symptoms, nervous symptoms such as headaches and fatigue, dry skin and other symptoms users might take for granted or under-estimate to be prompt yet prove even more harmful on the long run (Wolkoff, 2013, pp. 371-394). BREEAM recognizes the dangers of these materials, and allows their use under certain conditions according to its own tables and conditions under its health and wellbeing section HEA02- Indoor air quality. BREEAM tackles the problem of VOCs (BRE, 2014) by running a pre-occupancy test after end of construction to determine the concentration of contaminants in the structure, and if found within the appointed limits, it grants the points. The C2C methodology is ambition, but calculation methodology does not include energy that goes into rehabilitating that product for reuse, neither does it account for the quality of the product and ability to function adequately (Bakker et al., 2010). Energy input into the different stages of product development, such as transportation which accounts for 90% of some appliances (Llorach-Massana et al., 2015). It is however calculable and would allow for a deeper understanding of the buildings energy and carbon impact by calculating a complete building life cycle from cradle to cradle (Braungart, McDonough and Bollinger, 2007, pp. 1337-1348).This would assess the carbon impact of the building from inception to deconstruction and potential reuse. (Kneifel, 2010, pp. 333-340, Bribià ¡n, Capilla and Usà ³n, 2011, pp. 1133-1140). Imperative 12. Responsible Industry and Imperative 13 Living Economy Sourcing and Net Positive Waste are related when it comes to the overall concept, both imperatives call for sustainable, local or national and proper sourcing of materials. Processing has to be transparent and declared, sources from sustainable or renewable sources dedicated for farming or reclaimed through cradle to cradle or recyclable schemes in addition to some materials also known as Carbon Leaks and Carbon Exports (Davis and Caldeira, 2010, pp. 5687-5692, Kuik and Hofkes, 2010, pp. 1741-1748). However, the use of this concept in the UK might be hindered due to limited resources and would extend to the European Economic Area alongside consideration for the expenses and emissions produced by importing. V. Health and Happiness Petal The last of the published petal handbooks set in version 3.0, containing imperatives 07 to 09, listed as follows Civilized Environment BioPhillic Environment Healthy Interior Environment (LBI, 2015f) This set of imperatives work to provide a psychologically and physically healthy environment for occupants and owners, by creating connections to the surrounding environment (Coon et al., 2011, pp. 1761-1772) and designing and specifying healthy indoor materials. Imperative 07. Civilized Environment and Imperative 09. Biophillic Environments both share common grounds that contribute to psychological and physical health (LBI, 2015f). Both imperatives aim to create a direct connection between indoors and outdoors, a feeling of visual and a level of physical continuity to provide a feeling of joy and freedom (Ching, 1995). Achieving these targets; by performing adequate daylight calculations to identify any glare spots and daylight distribution without spaces, allowing sufficient daylight factors within the building (Roche, Dewey and Littlefair, 2000, pp. 119-126), in addition to accounting for thermal and visual comfort (Greenup, Bell and Moore, 2001, pp. 45-52), creating connections with the outdoors is an essential requirement in imperative 07 without any possible appeals except for areas of special use or areas that are not frequently occupied. BREEAM had managed to shed a stronger light when it comes to health and wellbeing criteria, by setting rigorous standards for ventilation, daylight factors and ratios and indoor quality (BRE, 2014). It also adopted criteria to provide comfortable acoustic and thermal environments as well as security for its occupants (Novak, Treytl and Palensky, 2007), despite not being mandatory, these criteria do improve user comfort and satisfying them contributes to outstanding credits. VI. Equity Petal The Equity petal (LBI, 2015f), introduced in version 3.0 has limited literature, only introduced in the standard guidebook summarizing the latest version, it includes a table of design guidelines needed to be met or complimented to provide a sense of equality and justice between all users of the project, at any scale, but mostly focused towards the public and living community challenges. This petal is divided into four imperatives and will be briefly described, since they are still under development with no comprehensive guidebooks and are still quite subjective in approach, they will not be given great focus. The petal guidelines tackle issues such as areas, distances, landscape and urban design to give users and pedestrians a sense of worth in surroundings modelled after the human scale and dimensions (Ching, 1995)/ Access to place allows general public usage of spaces created within projects to spread the benefit and eventually awareness to the project and value. Both advocate facilitated access to impaired users, allowing equal opportunities for all users (Thapar et al., 2004, pp. 280-289), Imperative 17. Equitable Investment and Imperative 18. JUST Organizations, both of these imperatives tackle the humane side of building occupancy and donation towards charitable causes. It also includes the need for consideration of users, their needs and humane treatment. VII. Beauty Petal Last of the version 3.0 newly added petals, contains two imperatives; Imperative 19. Beauty + Spirit and Imperative 20. Inspiration + Education, both of which cannot be empirically calculated and proven (LBI, 2015f), thus documentation of design literature and efforts made to raise awareness of technologies have been, which reflects on the innovation standard in the BREEAM. However aesthetic value has not been regarded in BREEAM leaving that particular point out, which could be implied given that it is a technical tool for building performance not architectural design. This section will discuss a cross case analysis between two case studies. Each reflecting one of the discussed assessment systems, the LBC and BREEAM. The author found it fitting that due to the main showcase of the LBC reflected in educational buildings, ones that have been developed to be a display and case study for LBC teams, that the cross case analysis would be best done across educational buildings of a similar scale. The LBC case study is an office and commercial complex, commissioned by the environmental protection foundation, the Bullit Foundation. The BREEAM case study is a building of a similar typology, a commercial and office complex, slightly larger in area and a BREEAM Excellence building, the Exchange in  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   street. Commissioned by the Bullit foundation, an environmental agency with a mission to safeguard the Pacific North Wests ecology from non-sustainable and invasive human activity and raise awareness to the ecological issues that surround the regions urban sprawl. The building was commissioned under what they believe is the most rigourous standard, that would stand to raise awareness and work as a teaching experience for designers, professionals of the built environment and researchers. Its a commercial office building, with space for various office tenants and a commercial space. The Living Building Challenge is a powerful tool that might hold a number of innovative and important keys towards true sustainability. But due to the vast number of topics covered by it, the LBC requires supporting technical regulations created by local authorities to be applied to differ

Changes in Gwinnett County :: hometown environment

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over time things change. Some things change for the better while other things change for the worse. One thing that’s bound to change though is your environment. Personally I have seen my hometown go through many changes during the eleven years that I have resided in Gwinnett County. A few of the accounts which have changed in my hometown throughout time have been the population including diversity, architecture, and the aspect of the people that grew up with me.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I first moved to Gwinnett in Nineteen-Ninety Four. At which time I attended elementary school. Now at that time school mostly consisted of African Americans and Caucasians. Now eleven years later you can go back to that same school and now you will see all type of diverse ethnicities in the school such as Bosnians, Haitians, Mexicans, etc. Towns are bound to see new diversities in their area because over time the population will increase. Gwinnett took a drastic increase in population as it was Georgia’s fastest growing County. As you take a look around the community now you can see that there are all different types of ethnic stores and not just Chinese. Now there are Caribbean restaurants as well as Jamaican and Thai. When new cultures move into an area it’s good for the younger population as it teaches them to be more diverse and understand other people.  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Architecture is a huge role in my hometown. Since Gwinnett was such a hot County at the time growing up meant that it would bring in a lot of architectural work, which it did. When I first moved here the only stores I can remember besides the gas stations were Winn Dixie, Eckerd, and OZ Video. Now Over the time that same area has went through a drastic change. Now Winn Dixie is Save Rite, OZ video is closed. Along with Eckerd are CVS and Walgreens within a half mile. Another example is that in the beginning the only entertainment was Town Center Cinema which is now a dollar movie and Mardi Gras Arcade which is now gone. When you look around now the area includes AMC theaters as well as the construction of two malls, Discover Mills and The Mall of Georgia. What I am trying to point out is with more population comes more development and my town has seen plenty of it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The last part of my hometown which has changed is the safety so to speak.

Michael Ondaatjes Relationship with his Father in his Work, Running in

Michael Ondaatje's Relationship with his Father in his Work, Running in the Family The jacket description embossed on the back cover of the Vintage publication of Michael Ondaatje's Running in the Family gives the reader a false sense of what the book is about. To some it is a "lyrical and witty" tale of "broken engagements, and drunken suicide attempts," and to some it may be "an inspired marriage of travel narrative and family memoir" (jacket). The front cover, however, provides the most valuable information about the book. It is a detail from Paul Gauguin painting of a man walking through a tamed arboreal area. A scene from a tropical countryside the colors are bright and vibrant; off to the left side is a small hut. Gaugiun was a post-Impressionistic painter who stressed feeling over realism; it was the sole intent of the artist to catch the emotion of the moment. Thus, emotion appears to be the driving force of Running in the Family. The book is a series of anecdotes and "gesture[s]" as Ondaatje labels his construction of plot (206). Ondaatje records events as they are told to him, exaggerated by the storytellers and distorted by time, and further transformed through his transcription good. Interestingly, it is his father, Mervyn Ondaatje, and not Michael Ondaatje himself, who captures most of the attention in Running in the Family. Of this, literary critic and professor Winfried Siemerling states, "the connection between the self and the other is directly patronymic in Running in the Family †¦ the book can be read as a biography. Representing the story of Mervyn Ondaatje through the eyes of his son Michael, however, the biography is, at the same time, autobiography." Ref This a convention which mayead the reader to surm... ...needed to find him in one form or another" (Jewinski, 13). Ondaatje's avoidance of explanation is renown, as Douglas Barbour offers in his critical essay of Running in the Family, " rather than explanation, Ondaatje's texts seek to create a sensual and emotional awareness of the other's living" (packet 124). But what Ondaatje doesn't explicitly express, he weaves into his text, creating that "sensual and emotional awareness," allowing his readers to step into the life of his father, and along with Ondaatje, forgive. Works Cited Barbour, Douglass. "From: 'Michael Ondaatje'." Waddington Packet, 2001. Jewinski, Ed. Michael Ondaatje: Express Yourself Beautifully. Toronto ECW Press, 1994. Ondaatje, Michael. Running in the Family. Vintage Books, New York, 1993. Siemerling, Winfried. Discoveries of the Other. Toronto, University of Toronto Press Inc., 1994.

The Caribbean’s Cultural History Essay -- Culture Caribbean History Ra

The Caribbean’s Cultural History Columbus’ discovery in 1492 set off a chain of events in the emergence of the Caribbean society, as Knight states in his book The Caribbean. "The first voyage of Columbus in 1492 fortuitously discovered a whole new world and set in motion a chain of events whose profound consequences gave new directions to the histories of Europe, Africa, the Americas, and Asia. It was the voyages of Columbus and those who followed him that brought the Americas into the consciousness of the Europeans"(Knight 28). Many people question whether the discovery made by Columbus was beneficial or deteriorating for the indigenous people of the Caribbean. It was the exploration and discoveries by Columbus that further led to the exploitation of the newfound colonies and its native people. But without this exploitation, the Caribbean would not be as rich in culture as it is today. For instance, Puerto Ricans, Jamaicans, and Dominicans would not be who they are today if Columbus would not have conquered the indigenous people of the island, and set off the proceeding sequence of events. Eventually during the slave trading period, the exploitation expanded into Africa, as Europe, and especially Spain, had high hopes and expectations for the Caribbean colonies. The Europeans saw these newfound colonies as trading posts, and many saw the discovery of these islands as a way to expand and convert the indigenous people of the islands into Christianity, and exploit their land in search of gold and other valuabl e resources. The history of the Caribbean is very unique and diverse. The progress and advancement of each island complied with the European country in control of it. One of the most common characteristics of the ... ...of the Caribbean would not be so rich in culture. It was the Caribbean’s unique chain of events, which helped to shape the culture and traditions of the area, and African slavery was just another major aspect. It was the slave experience then, which helped to further define what we characterize as Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, Haitians, and Jamaicans today. Bibliography Beckles, Dr. Hillary, Verene Shepard. Caribbean Slave Society and Economy, The New Press, New York, N.Y. 1991. Cliff, Michelle. Abeng. Penguin Group, 1984. Knight, Franklin W. The Caribbean, The Genesis Of a Fragmented Nationalism. Oxford University Press, New York, N.Y. 1990. Benitez-Rojo, Antonio. The Repeating Island, Duke University, Durham & London, 1992. Mintz, Sidney W. The Caribbean as a Socio-Cultural Area, Peoples and Cultures of the Caribbean, Garden City, New Jersey, 1971.

Self-Assessment and Reflection Paper

As I look back over the years I thought about my position as an educator in the early 1990's. I taught adults 18 years and older typing and introduction to computers at Barclay Career Center in Jacksonville, Florida for three years. It never ceased to amaze me at their eagerness to learn. Also as a minister, I experience numerous individuals from various backgrounds. Every one of them is managing problems or difficulties that impede their achievement of intention every day.They look for profound direction and a deeper association with from me and I am there to offer assistance. However, as I started to examine from the top to the bottom for solutions of taking care of the issues of the individuals, I also discovered that numerous adults had an illiteracy impairment which is a hindrance, and of absence of basic education. I found on both professional levels that although the majority were eager to learn, we still needed to assist most of our adult learners in preparing for postseconda ry education, so that they could have successful careers, and productive lives.They were acking so many essential skills I cant even explain how they were allowed in the program without it. Thus we started an Adult Basic Education Program at Barclay Career Center. This program included program instruction in basic literacy skills: In reading, language, writing and math. We emphasized writing, basic math computation vocabulary development, dictionary skills, comprehension improvement, critical thinking, and math problem solving. After a few months we begin to see the turn around especially in their reading, writing and math.So when I was asked why do I want to become an adult educator, and what aspect f adult education or training do I plan to pursue? All these memories flooded my mind. I enjoy empowering adult learners to realize that they can achieve educational excellence, and become what ever they desire no matter what the age. Through my compassion and desire for others ignited me to want to make a difference in other peoples lives. I have selected a vocation in instruction because I believe that it is one of the most essential task performed in our society. I believe that educators exclusively and altogether can change the world, as well as to enhance it.

Business Law in Accounting

Accounting is the system of recording, reporting and verifying financial information for individuals and businesses, including income, expenses, value of assets, and so on. However, Business Law I, takes what is normally known of accounting and moves into another arena, one which includes civil and criminal liabilities, contract law, ethics and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. By establishing the basics in Business Law, accountants are able to understand the risks of their particular profession. Accountants are faced with civil and criminal liabilities which are based on the accountant’s ability to do his or her job effectively and legally. Accountants face civil liabilities when they do not complete the work satisfactorially to what was agreed to. Even â€Å"Codes of Ethics† urge accountants to not agree to do work that they know they do not have the knowledge or time to complete. Competency is a key element to being a successful accountant, and not meeting competency goals can cause problems for young accountants entering the field. By understanding the basics of contract law, it is easier for accountants to find the necessary information to allow them to do their jobs competently. If accountants know that it takes mutual consideration, or a â€Å"meeting of the minds,† to begin contract negotiations, then they can figure if they are reviewing a contract, some type of mutual consideration must have occurred, as well as a proposal and acceptance portion of the conversation. Also, if an accountant knows that the contract is for the sale of goods, then the accountant would know that the UCC Article 2 has to be used, instead of simple contract law. Knowing this would help the accountant understand how the asset or products purchased needed to be accounted for, because without detailed information in the contract, UCC Article I gap filling procedures take place. These procedures are an attempt to take vagueness and give it some detail, but the gap filling detail is not much better than the original, thus the accountant can still be stuck, lost, not knowing how to account for a particular product, and not knowing at which time responsibility and risk for the product exchanges hands. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was signed into law in 2002 by George W. Bush. The original thought behind SOX was to regulate the accounting profession, due to the greed that had resulted in huge economic crashes amongst top corporations such as Enron and WorldCom. SOX assisted in setting up regulatory organizations for each facet of the accounting process. These organizations are designed to ensure that accounting practices and auditing practices are ethical, legal and professional for public U. S. companies. Unfortunately, SOX does not regulate private companies, but private companies cannot create financial hardships for outside investors, so private companies are not in need of these type of regulations. Business Law I helped create an understanding amongst the students regarding what is actually expected of them once work as an accountant begins. A naive accountant would believe that all he or she needed to do was ensure that the data being entered in is correct and if not, fix it through a series of journal entries. However, after taking this class, it is apparent that this is an incorrect assumption. Understanding the civil and criminal liabilities that can be charged due to negligence or fraud, whether intentional or not, is incredibly important to accountants and CPA’s. Without understanding these potential problems, an accountant would not be able to understand the level of the problem, or be able to assess the gravity of the situation, whatever that situation may be. Even though accounting is a financial profession that takes the value of income, expenses, assets, and other items, and reports, analyzes, records and verifies these amounts, Business Law allows for the review of the profession in general. Accountants have to understand what is legally expected of them when working with client’s records and reports, and how these legal expectations can be brought upon them, and what their rights are. Without understanding the responsibility and risk that takes place for a company, an accountant would not understand why it is so important to establish ownership and when that particular ownership exchanges hands. Accountants also must understand what risks and responsibilities their particular profession run as well, and ensure that they are competently performing their jobs so that there is no question as to if an accountant was negligent, or was derilect in the performance of his or her duty.

LaFleur Trading Company Essay

LaFleur Trading Company is an international food supplier located in Vancouver, British Columbia. They handle a large amount of different food and wine products and ship to consumers around the world. Their trading partners are listed to be in 38 different countries and they are based in Canada (which makes 39). LaFleur’s website lists the company mission as â€Å"We will provide our customers with the highest quality foods at a reasonable price.† (LaFleur, 2009) The list of products includes seafood, cheeses, wines, and fruits. Most of the customers for LTC come through the internet. The only real interaction that the company generally has with clients is through emails and phone calls. The desired reputation of the company is that of a high standard for product quality. The website says that the company â€Å"will act fairly and justly in the conduct of our business† and also acknowledges that customers get their perceptions of the company from the interactions with employees. LTC goes on to assure customers that their buyers â€Å"only deal with reputable producers and exporters† (LaFleur, 2009). With such an avid focus by consumers on labels, it is critical that LTC uphold their claim to maintain Canadian organic standards for all their organic products and to be able to regularly inspect products from each different country to ensure it all meets the same strict standards. Reasonable prices and high quality are the two promises that the company makes throughout their website. Certainly the ability to keep their promises will be determined solely by the dedication of the employees to do their jobs to the best of their ability. LTC employs individuals that are responsible for customer service, shipping, business to business relations, and quality assurance. Salesmen in the customer department as well as representatives responsible for securing purveyors can be eligible for commission bonuses. Quality assurance team members can be offered rewards for continuing to keep the standards set by the trading company rather than letting certain products slide. The organic label is one that must be more rigorously inspected, as the standards in this area are constantly being improved as environmental standards worldwide become stricter. The shipping team must be responsible to compare rates as well as the delivery times and  package conditions upon arrival. This area can lead to many challenges since the company is involved in shipping in so many different countries. Certainly it is a huge challenge to run a company with so many different cultures represented in their partners. Learning to merge local cultural ideology with the company’s ethical standards is something that must be addressed. One Boston, MA based company found a solution to this challenge when they opened their Bangkok branch. They built an entire team for such enterprises and appointed a director of worldwide culture and communications. The team, called Winning Operations Worldwide or WOW, had a purpose of building a bridge between the home office and the regional offices. The goal, according to the director was to decentralize operations so that the regional office employees would be able to successfully make their own decisions. They began providing extensive training exercises. â€Å"taught Team WOW members how to inject corporate values–teamwork, the interplay between speed and quality, risk taking, and thriving in change, and open communications–into their training programs† (Dunn, 2000) LaFleur Trading Company receives most of their customer orders online through their website. Safeguarding customer information received such as credit card or bank account information from being stolen or fraudulently used is a pertinent concern. Another issue that plagues online consumers is personal information such as e-mail, phone numbers, and mailing addresses. Customers value their privacy and companies that take the initiative to honor that wish for privacy are able to build better e-commerce. Fast Track 500 companies are working diligently to disclose any uses for customer information. â€Å"Nearly 95 percent of FastTrack respondents said top executives at their companies consider protecting customer privacy a critical part of their e-business strategy. According to the survey, top managers with profitable e-commerce ventures are even more likely to have this issue as a top priority† (Paul, 2000). LTC is an e-commerce company that would benefit tremendously from this type of focus. Customers want to know that their purchases and their information are protected. With partners in 39 different countries it would be virtually impossible not to have heightened security on their website and in their company policy. One potentially difficult ethical challenge to a trading company dealing in food would be the assurance that each product is free from harmful contaminants. This is an  issue that would start at the local level with the production of the food (or wine) and then involve the shipping process. Because of dealing with so many partners in different countries, it would take an entire team full-time attention to make sure that one set of standards is maintained throughout the product range. Customer service would be fairly inv olved at LaFleur Trading Company. Service specialists must have the ability to potentially communicate in multiple languages. Special translation software can help for online communications but phone representatives would need to include individuals who speak a variety of languages. Also, there would be cultural differences to take into consideration, such as some cultures prefer to only have men conduct business. Some cultures do not allow certain products, and most of the time customers will expect business to be conducted in the manner of their own culture rather than the manner of the parent company’s culture. Sometimes it is easy to offend someone of a different culture without even realizing it. â€Å"When in Rome do as the Romans† is an old adage that would apply here. Another possible solution would be to hire customer service representatives in each local market and route orders through the local affiliates. Providing a quality product at a reasonable rate through ethical business practices is a good standard for any company. Organizations such as LaFleur Trading Company have a very complex task to consistently provide that same level of service in such a large international market. Focusing on quality assurance, secure transactions and cultural diplomacy are three ways that organizations can succeed in the new global market. Keeping the concept of â€Å"local† as part of â€Å"global† will ensure long-term success as a grassroots effort spreads across countries worldwide. References Dunn, K. (Feb 2000). Values Training Spans From Boston to Bangkok. Workforce, 79, 2. p.90. Retrieved November 09, 2010, from General OneFile via Gale: http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/gps/start.do?prodId=IPS&userGroupName=uphoenix LaFleur Trading Company (2009). Mission. Retrieved November 09, 2010, from https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/CIST/VOP/Business/Lafleur/intranet.ht

Solution to Case Problem Specialty Toys

Solution to Case Problem Specialty Toys 10/24/2012 I. Introduction: The Specialty Toys Company faces a challenge of deciding how many units of a new toy should be purchased to meet anticipated sales demand. If too few are purchased, sales will be lost; if too many are purchased, profits will be reduced because of low prices realized in clearance sales. Here, I will help to analyze an appropriate order quantity for the company. II. Data Analysis: 1. 20,0 00 .025 10,0 00 30,0 00 .025 .95 20,0 00 .025 10,0 00 30,0 00 .025 .95 Since the expected demand is 2000, thus, the mean  µ is 2000.Through Excel, we get the z value given a 95% probability is 1. 96. Thus, we have: z= (x- µ)/ ? =(30000-20000)/ ? =1. 96, so we get the standard deviation ? =(30000-20000)/1. 96=5102. The sketch of distribution is above. 95. 4% of the values of a normal random variable are within plus or minus two standard deviations of its mean. 2. At order quantity of 15,000, z= (15000-20000)/5102=-0. 98, P(stockout ) = 0. 3365 + 0. 5 = 0. 8365 At order quantity of 18,000, z= (18000-20000)/5102=-0. 39, P(stockout) = 0. 1517 + 0. 5= 0. 6517 At order quantity of 24,000, z= (24000-20000)/5102=0. 8, P (stockout) = 0. 5 – 0. 2823 = 0. 2177 At order quantity of 28,000, z= (28000-20000)/5102=1. 57, P (stockout) = 0. 5 – 0. 4418 = 0. 0582 3. Order Quantity = 15,000| Unit Sales| Total Cost| Sales at $24| Sales at $5| Profit| 10,000| 240,000| 240,000| 25,000| 25,000| 20,000| 240,000| 360,000| 0| 120,000| 30,000| 240,000| 360,000| 0| 120,000| Order Quantity = 18,000| Unit Sales| Total Cost| Sales at $24| Sales at $5| Profit| 10,000| 288,000| 240,000| 40,000| -8000| 20,000| 288,000| 432,000| 0| 144,000| 30,000| 288,000| 432,000| 0| 144,000|Order Quantity = 24,000| Unit Sales| Total Cost| Sales at $24| Sales at $5| Profit| 10,000| 384,000| 240,000| 70,000| -74,000| 20,000| 384,000| 480,000| 20,000| 116,000| 30,000| 384,000| 576,000| 0| 192,000| Order Quantity =28,000| Unit Sales| Total Cost| S ales at $24| Sales at $5| Profit| 10,000| 448,000| 240,000| 90,000| -118,000| 20,000| 448,000| 480,000| 40,000| 72,000| 30,000| 448,000| 672,000| 0| 224,000| 4. According to the background information, we get the sketch of distribution above. Since z= (Q-20,000)/5102 =0. 52, so we get Q=20,000+0. 2*5102=22,653. Thus, the quantity would be ordered under this policy is 22,653. The projected profits under the three sales scenarios are below: Order Quantity =22,653| Unit Sales| Total Cost| Sales at $24| Sales at $5| Profit| 10,000| 362,488| 240,000| 63,265| -59,183| 20,000| 362,488| 480,000| 13,265| 130,817| 30,000| 362,488| 543,672| 0| 181,224| 5. From the information we get above, I would recommend an order quantity that can maximize the expected profit, and it can be calculated by the formula below: P(Demand

Castel sant's angelo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Castel sant's angelo - Essay Example The monument was constructed on a special site which was on the river edge built on solid ground. The actual architectural layout of the mausoleum is uncertain even today in terms of construction and decorative. The monument composes of three overlaid bodies of architecture which are a square base, a cylindrical body, and the last piece that was a cylindrical shape too but smaller. On top of this last piece was a statute of Hadrian pulling a quadriga. The cylindrical body of the monument was filled with an embankment of earth with a hanging garden for cover. The structure which was built at the Roman period is unrecognizable now. However, some parts still survive including the foundations and masonry of the square base, the entire masonry nucleus, the entrance built with stone blocks, the ramp leasing to the top floor, and funeral hall (Zirpolo, 2010). In all transformations that have taken place in this castle, these constructions have remained the core areas. The castle was transformed into a fortress from a mausoleum in the middle ages. This transformation also changed the layout of the structure. These changes had been taking place for over ten centuries because the building was linked to the town walls, it was built around Rome, and the changes were carried out by a military architect, Nicolo Lamberti. The castle also had a defensive role because it was positioned at a point where the northern access city route was located. The castle gained immense significance throughout the transformations that took place. There was also a dispute in the middle ages regarding the possession of the castle. Papal Court took possession of the castle when he came to Rome in 1377. Eventually in efforts to make the castle a safe place, an internal passageway was created in the cylindrical body, the Roman entrance and the spiral ramp was closed. A new entrance was created on the half way f the cylindrical mole and was linked by

Digital marketing plan - Quality Pet Care Essay

Digital marketing plan - Quality Pet Care - Essay Example Hence, the company has planned to shift their focus towards reframing their digital marketing strategies along with the modification of their product line and services. The further discussion will detail the current business and market situation of the organisation along with the key marketing issues and major objectives for future growth. It will also detail the strategic digital marketing plan through proper market segmentation and proposition. The situational analysis will detail the current condition and impact of the macro and micro environment of the business. The analysis will detail the company, its competitors, core market, external business climate and customers (Myers and Tauber, 2011). The pet food and accessories retail market in Britain can be considered as one of the strong market due to increased preference of population to provide healthier food and hygienic living condition. The total yearly value of the pet care market has been estimated approximately  £4.8 billion, out of which  £2.1 billion is served by the pet food market. Dog food value sales have demonstrated a growth of 15.6% during 2007 to 2012. Alternatively, during this period, cat food value sales increased by 21% (Mintel Group Ltd., 2013). The dog food market has been forecasted to demonstrate a steady performance during the span of 2013 to 2017, while, the cat food market has been estimated to grow rapidly (Mintel Group Ltd., 2014). QPC mainly deals in traditional pet food. The organisation is also indulged in the marketing and sales of pet accessories which is responsible for almost 16% of their annual revenue. Due to their gradual decrease in the sales volume as well as increased market competition, the organisation has redecorated their stores and offerings (Case Study). They are widely expanding their products and services which include: The UK wet and dry pet food retail market is one of the highly competitive market which

The Management of Change in the Pharmaceutical Industry Research Paper

The Management of Change in the Pharmaceutical Industry - Research Paper Example According to Lerer and Piper (2003, 201) ‘digital technologies have offered new opportunities to pharmaceutical firms’; it is further explained that using these technologies pharmaceutical firms have been able to cooperate more effectively with patients and physicians. Moreover, Bakeev (2010) notes that the continuous improvement of knowledge management in the pharmaceutical industry would allow the industry’s firms to become more effective in supporting patients and healthcare professionals. Online tools have a series of advantages, including the increased potentials of firms involved in managing knowledge. At the same time, the costs of representatives in the pharmaceutical industry are quite high; a research developed in 2007 showed that ‘in 2006 the pharmaceutical firms spent approximately $150,000 for each representative in primary care and $330,000 for each representative in specialty drug’ (Bak and Stair 2011, p.137). The use of online tools wo uld help pharmaceutical firms to resolve a series of operational problems and to decrease the costs of representatives, a practice followed by Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., as explained below. 1.2 Diagnosis of change The implementation of change in pharmaceutical firms is unavoidable, in the context described earlier. ... scribed as follows: a) to check the level at which online tools are used in the pharmaceutical industry, b) to identify the benefits and weaknesses of these tools, as reported by the industry’s firms, c) to check the effects of online tools on the operations of Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., d) to identify the strategies used by the above organization for implementing change, as related to these tools, and to evaluate these strategies’ requirements, implications and risks, and e) to identify the potential long-term benefits and consequences of online tools in the pharmaceutical industry. 1.3 Implementation of change Under the pressures of the rapid development of technology globally, especially in regard to the involvement of the WWW in organizational activities, the pharmaceutical industry had to face the following dilemma: should its operations be transformed meeting the global trends in regard to the use of online tools in prescribing and informing customers on the d rugs’ use and implications? This issue is made clear in the case of Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. In 2010 the firm launched Prescribe Responsibly, ‘an online system for supporting appropriate treatment of pain’ (Johnson & Johnson 2011). In August of 2011, the firm updated the specific system adding new tools and features so that the support provided to health care professionals to be increased (Johnson & Johnson 2011). This initiative has resulted because of the failures and the delays that the company had to face in regard to the support provided to the physicians for handling pain. 2. Literature review The efforts of continuous improvement of operations are often related to the appearance of Taylorism, a trend that changed the manufacturing processes in the automotive industry in the USA.

NGOs, IGOs, and other international organizations in Afghanistan or Research Paper

NGOs, IGOs, and other international organizations in Afghanistan or Africa for Humanitarian efforts - Research Paper Example In many crises where the US military gets involved, USAID offers a communication link between military and humanitarian agencies.2 However, in Afghanistan security concerns hindered AID initially because the communication link was not available since NGO workers complained that soldiers encroached in their domain by engaging in humanitarian work instead of offering security. In Afghanistan, the US army placed Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs) of roughly 100 military combat personnel and extra civil affairs personnel in districts across the nation. These teams created military presence in remote areas thus offering limited security while aiding to respond to the needs of the people in the country, while the US forces withdrew from urban areas. Despite the shift, three years later violence in the country noticeably increased resulting in increased attacks targeting the civilians. The afghan Taliban forces increased their attacks against NATO, the country’s troops and increa singly engaged in suicide bombings targeting the military and civilians. 3 Despite the different perspectives, interdependence between international organizations, NGOs, donor organizations and the military is apparent and is a result of overlapping tasks and inadequate resources available in mission areas. Therefore, military and civil operations influence one another in all levels thus the risk of counteracting one another. Nevertheless, successfully integrated civilian and military efforts in complex emergencies are crucial to flourishing relief efforts and reconstruction; although, there is a risk of humanitarian organizations being associated with potentially unwelcome military force thus losing their protective gloss of neutrality. Many humanitarian organizations focus on delivering humanitarian help in on going conflict thus integration is deeply objectionable therefore, they easily interact with military forces. In disrupted societies like Afghanistan, with huge dysfunctiona l authorities and continuous hostilities make the conditions for fruitful civil-military cooperation poor.4 Despite problems caused by military involvement in assisting civilians, other coordination efforts like UN agencies and NGOs were successful in working together. The World Food Program reportedly delivered enormous amount of food in 2001 and credited its staff, donors and NGO implementing partners. However, the political future of Afghanistan may be in limbo, the humanitarian outcome of American-led war and subsequent relief effort could be termed as a success with regard to the number of people served, quality of service and health of the population. Moreover, access to people in need increased because of the fresh political conditions after the defeat of the Taliban. As well, the amount and diversity of services offered in many regions of the nation increased like health and nutritional status for many people improved and many Afghans returned to their homes. The success was due to the humanitarian infrastructure established prior to 2001 and other things happening at the administrative level like provision of copious resources, specialization in organizations and the high level of connectivity. 5 Nevertheless, there were differences evident in operational levels where humanitarian and military organizations overlapped or did not communicate, which could have