Cigarettes and their effect of one’s lowered BMI over non-smokers Essay Example for Free

Cigarettes and their effect of one’s lowered BMI over non-smokers Essay Cigarette smoking has established effects on body weight. The effect of weight concerns on smoking initiation, as well as smoking cessation will be examined in the following review. The following review further examines how age, time spent smoking and concern with an individual’s outward appearance, can also lead to a continuation of smoking. The following review also demonstrates that when one ceases to smoke cigarettes, there is a high likely hood that their BMI will raise as well as a demonstration that cigarettes increase the basal metabolic rate. Habitual smokers have been found to weigh 3-6 kg less than non-smokers. In the text the explanation of this relationship is examined. Findings include, the need to do something with one’s hands, food preferences, choosing sweets over other foods. Findings further explained that during the cessation stage an ex-smoker will gain 4. 5 kg and that roughly 13% will gain at least 11 kg. Efforts to address weight concerns in smoking cessation programs may need to target these subjects as it leads to these individuals not ceases to stop smoking cigarettes. Cigarette smoking is a well-documented public health problem. Furthermore, cigarette smoking has established effects on body weight. What is the cause and effect as to why smokers may have a lower BMI than non-smokers, and how do cigarettes affect weight gain during and after cessation? Also, does the possibility of weight gain after cessation, stop the smoking from quitting for fear of gaining weight? Tobacco deaths alone account for 4. 9 million deaths annually. Aside from the addictive properties, one explanation could be the belief that cigarettes contribute to a lower BMI. Also what happens to your BMI once you cease smoking cigarettes? The following review will examine scientific data on weight concerns and smoking behaviors. The dimensions of appearance concerns in smokers An individual’s outward appearance appears to play a large role in the onset and continuation of smoking. One way to tackle the problem of weight gain in smokers vs. nonsmokers is to simply ask them what their fears are, with regards to gaining weight and their appearance in general. Grogan, Hartley, Conner, Fry and Gough (2010) conducted an experimental research, involving a questionnaire of a total of 244 British, 17-34 yr. lds. The questionnaire given to the subjects was the Multidimensional Body- Self Relations Appearance Sub- Scales. The subjects were then asked to rate their feelings towards their appearance. The method involved mailing the questionnaire to 547 non-student participants in Leeds who had taken part of a previous smoking study; as well as an additional 80 university students that attended Staffordshire. The questionnaires were returned, some counting as undeliverable, which resulted in a final number of 244 complete data sets, Grogan et. al. (2010). The participants include Staffordshire University 7 male smokers, 36 male non-smokers, 5 female smokers and 32 female non-smokers. The sample from Leeds included 8 male smokers, 49 male non-smokers, 43 female smokers and 103 female non-smokers, Grogan et. al. (2010) . The questionnaire included closed and two open- ended questions, one such question was, why do you smoke? The scale also measured things such as Appearance Scale and Appearance Evaluation, also along with self-classified weight. The results that the researchers used , were compared by two factors Manova  Ã‚  followed by Univariate Anova. Results revealed the following data (F-4. 237=7. 90;p0. 001 eta squared=0. 10) In the end the only variable that differed significantly between smokers and non-smokers was appearance evaluation; smokers were not as positive about their appearance than non-smokers, Grogan, (2010). It should also be noted that this was based on asking subjects about their feelings toward their general physical appearance, not merely centered on feeling overweight, the results do not go along with the previous studies that smokers are more preoccupied with their weight than non-smokers, Grogan et. l. (2010). The results suggest that to in the future targeting smoking cessation programs need to target the smokers concern for the his/her overall appearance, as well as weight gain. Smoking as a Means to loose Weight There are many negative effects that continued smoking contributes to. Among many of these effects there is an altercation of lipid metabolism, through the increase of lipolysis, insulin resistance and the tissue lipotoxity, Gastaldelli, Folli, Maffei (2010). The researchers noted that smokers have in general a lower BMI than non -smokers. It is noted however, that heavy smoking is associated with less physical activity which often can lead to obesity, Gastaldelli et. al. (2010). It well established that smoking or nicotine ingestion increases the basal metabolic rate, which could explain an increased energy expenditure in smokers, Gastaldelli et. al. (2010). Smokers tend to be thinner than non-smokers and former smokers, and several studies have shown that a smoker’s BMI is lower, Gastaldelli et. al. (2010). In further support of this finding, it has also been found that heavy smokers tend to have higher BMI’s than lighter smokers and even some non smokers Gastaldelli et. l. (2010). Also in general the abdomen is where the fat in smokers seems to accumulate the most; as well as showing an increased waist to hip ratio. However, there has also been noted a decrease in the resting metabolism when a smoker reaches cessation. It has also been suggested that there is an It has also been suggested that there is an enhancement in metabolism when it combined with nicotine and exercise, Gastaldelli et. al. (2010). Cigarette smoking among high school students has increased as well. There are on average one-quarter of high school students currently smoking cigarettes, Johnson, Eaton, Pederson, Lowry (2009). The question remained whether high school students were using cigarettes as a method to control their weight, Johnson (2009). The method that was used for this research involved the youth Behavior Risk data (2005), where behaviors such as current cigarette use, trying to loose weight and (2009). Separate logistic regression models calculated adjusted odd ratios for cigarette use and trying to loose weight. In Spring of 2005 a three stage cluster model was used and the survey was administered to students in grades 9-12. There were a total of 98 items on the survey. The questions centered on how many cigarettes smoked, as well as whether or not weight was a factor that the students considered. The student’s method that was used for this research involved the youth Behavior Risk data (2005), where behaviors such as current cigarette use, trying to loose weight and also keep from gaining weight , Johnson (2009). Separate logistic regression models calculated adjusted odd ratios for cigarette use and trying to loose weight. The student’s BMI was also calculated from the metric conversions of self reported height and weight, Johnson(2009). Using the CDC growth charts the BMI was created as well. All of the statistical analysis including prevalence, and odd ratios were performed on weighted data, using SAS-Callable, Johnson (2009). The study indicated that trying to loose weight was associated with cigarette smoking before but not after, which in turn accounted for healthy and unhealthy weight control behaviors, Johnson (2009). Similarly, Park (2009) found that there is a rather consistent association between being concerned with one’s weight and current smoking. Data was then collected from the Minnesota Survey on Adult Substance, which used a telephone survey (N= 16289). Current smoking and mental health were considered, in relation to one’s body weight. The BMI was self reported and each subject was assigned a 1-4 on the body weight category. Those who reported smoking have smoked 100 cigarettes or more in their life and had 30 days Park (2009). The K6 scale was used to screen the subjects for any mental illness that was diagnosable, Park (2009). With further research Park, found that underweight woman were more likely to smoke. Smoking and BMI How does smoking effect BMI, is the question that Neil E. Grunberg examined, in 1985. Studies were conducted to compare the body weight of smokers vs. non-smokers. Habitual smokers have been found to weigh less 3-6kg less than non-smokers, Grunberg (1985). Interestingly, according to Grunberg studies have found that there appears to very little difference between smoking and BMI with regards to younger participants, specifically those aged 15-19. Considering these two studies it appears clear that smokers weigh less than non-smokers. Explanation of this relationship  One such explanation that can help shed some light onto the correlation between smoking and BMI, is simply food consumption of smokers is less than non-smokers and that smoking cessation lends to increased food consumption, Cigarettes and their affect of one’s lowered BMI over non-smokers Grunberg (1985), offers another explanation is that cigarette smoking increases energy utilization. Therefore, smokers will gain less vs. non-smokers. A third explanation that, Grunberg (1985) mentions is that smoking affects certain food consumption, such as foods that fall into the sweet category. In essence, when a person who smokes cigarettes ceases to, they consume a higher amount of sweets. As well as when a smoker ceases to smoke they may feel a need to do something with their hands or a need for oral satisfaction. Some animal studies report that once nicotine was administered to the animals; their food consumption decreases, Grunberg (1985). Grunberg also points out that it is important to mention that only bland food was provided to the animals, as this may have had something to do with it as well. Another study produced similar results as well according to Grunberg. Subjects were studies during an eight hour period in a laboratory, in which they were not allowed to smoke. What they found was that the subjects ate twice as much sweet and salty food, but the same amount of other foods that they did when smoking was allowed, Grunberg (1985). Munafo, Tilling , Ben- Shlomo (2009) lend even further food for thought into this world. They conducted an longitudinal study in which they compared in different phases. The study consisted of contacting men aged 45-59, who were first seen in an evening lab. At all of the phases, the subjects had their measurements taken as well as their smoking history. The dietary behavior was also included in all phases except Phase IV, Munafo (2009). Non-smokers were also included in the study. Linear regression models were used to relate the BMI, to smoking status. The researchers found in the final results that never smokers and ex-smokers differ in their BMI when compared with current smokers with an average of 1. 6 kg. Also, even more surprisingly, the researchers found that the longer one ceases to smoke the higher their BMI. Munafo finds that the longer a smoker ceases to smoke, in time their BMI will return to the equivalent of that to never smokers.

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a degenerative brain disease that involves dysfunctions and loss of nerve cells in central nervous system, was discovered by a German physician, Dr. Alois Alzheimer in 1907. As it is accounted for 50 to 75% of all cases of dementia, it is the most common form of dementia (Blennow et al., 2006) and it is known as a progressive neuropsychiatric disorder which involves memory loss, mood swing and loss of intellectual and social skills (Lee et al., 2010) and sufferer will progress through seven-stages of Alzheimer but with different rate (Reisberg et al., 2003). Prevalence of dementia increases exponentially with age from 60 to 85 years old or older, which is Senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, loss of synapses and degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons are the neuropathological hallmarks of this disease (Shen et al., 2005). It is a neurodegenerative disorder with unknown cause (Blennow et al., 2006). There are some hypotheses of pathogenesis of Alzheimer’... ... are able to interfere some metabolic pathways of choline metabolism. Hence, they have broad range on neurologic effects. From the experiment, monosubstituted 2-aminoethanols give the least inhibitory activity. There will be an increase in inhibitory activity when the degree of substitution and molecular size of the nitrogenous head of the molecule increase, due to the increase in the chance for van der Waals’ interaction with the protein surface, results in increased enzyme inhibition (Hartung, 1968). This complied with the principle of inhibitors with tertiary amino compounds act on PAS site. Enzyme inhibition occurs by steric blockade (Rosenberry et al., 1999) or allosteric activation (Auletta et al., 2010) will give low number of empty enzymes for further hydrolysis. Therefore, dialkylaminoflavonols shold be futher investigated in the discovery of better drugs.

If We Go Through The Poem We Will Get The Glimpse

Animism was the first Indian poet to catch and voice these trends in his poetry. As a modern poet in India, he started to voice his own thoughts and opinions, his own experiences, which were the experiences of the every man.. In all his creative works he was very keen to select Indian situations and present them with a purely Indian attitude. He was not for idealism and romanticism, the soft and beautiful aspects of life. He highlighted the reality of Indian life with its bitterness ,hypocrisy and bits of sweetness through the lives of common people.The characters of is poems are from different walks of life but without a bit of exaggeration. We feel and experience the Indians and Indian culture, Indian temperament through each and every character and situation in the poems. If we go through the poems we will get the glimpse about south Asian society and their cultures and politics. Animism Ezekiel creates an authentic flavor of India by his use of Indian English. The Indian flavor h as created by stressing various mistakes which Indians commit in their use of English. Animism Ezekiel is entirely Indian not only in sensibility but also in proper use of Indian attitudes.In the â€Å"Very Indian Poem In Indian English† the common mistakes committed by Indians in using English and other Indians are freely employed to create the typical flavor with an artistic purpose In a realistic way. This has started giving with a ironic title. In this poem, very sit few lines indicate that there is going on political unrest or chaotic moment in society. â€Å"l am standing for peace and non violence. Why world is fighting fighting' After uttering these line he tells that why we are not following Mahatma Gandhi.He has taken the great Indian character in his poem who stood for peace. He also tells us that we are totally away from our ancient culture. He also used 200%, 100% and very colonial words to satire and to indicate that modern generation are so far away from our a ncient culture. Modern generation are cherishing foreign cultures, fashion and neglecting their own culture. So he uses these Irony towards modern generation. † But modern generation is neglecting – Too much going for fashion and foreign thing' He also satire the political leaders ,because their allured speech much than their works.Perhaps he has wanted to say that whatever they tell, they doesn't turn it into org. He also stairs their way of behaving and he is also taken glimpse of their speech that â€Å"Friends, Romans, countrymen, am saying Lend me the ears. The regrettable thing in the modern world is the act of violence and anti – social tendencies proving to be a menace. Still the positive aspects like regeneration, remuneration and contraception could be thought of as a way out of the present muddle. One can certainly hope for the better and propagate the best that is thought as unique.He has also very aptly shown us the Indian picture-Lassie can be take n as equivalent to he western wine if only a little salt is added to make it a lovely drink. The poet confesses that he is the total abstainer from drinks while it is taken by addicts to gun themselves, he for his part would turn to simple drinks like lassie. Thus, the poet tries to receive the old Gandhi days. We can assume by this poem that there are clash between county to county, and country to country to rule over one another. It has become a trend of every country.So to come out from this poet is urging that if only one consider the other as the brother then the trend could be changed.. He gives the hand of friendliness to the visitor and expects him to come again. The poet is optimistic when he says that he enjoys every moment of good company. So, he ends the poem by saying that he does not feel the necessity of celebrating ceremonies. Animism Ezekiel has picked up the typical picture of Indian subcontinent very dexterously through the poem ‘Conga'. By depicting conga h e has shown us how wealthy class people fell pride on lower class people treating them very badly as their goods.Animism Ezekiel has depicted very common and true future Of society in very much interesting and funny way that how wealthy people neglecting harassing, torturing on their servant. The poem â€Å"Conga† has started that we pride for our generosity to servant and their generosity is that they give a chance to a prostitute woman to work at their houses. Miss Ezekiel ironically has given a pathetic description of servant how they are treating in the society. But even in our society servant are the victim of sexual harassment. So there is a question arise that is it pride that a prostitute works at wealthy men houses.It is a poke to upper class people. They give them a cup of tea which they eve preserved from previous evening. They give tem stale ‘chapatti' and give old clothes by which they could exchange a cup,etc. They give one coins and take it return. So it has been a trend of upper class that they feel comfort, enjoy by dominating them like that way. But these men never learn because of their poverty. Perhaps poet wants to tell though we are seeming greater man by possessing these things but we are in darkness. Because we are wanting to be civilize reaming them unlearned and uncivilized So it is a slap to moral civilization.The poem ‘Guru' portraits the modern picture of the Gurus who are more terrestrials than ever and above ordinary men – â€Å"the lesser considered as holy men while they totally lack all the virtues of saints. They make a sharp discrimination between the rich and the poor, men and women, countrymen and foreigners. The following lines show characteristically Indian touch which becomes an irony on our part: The saint, we are told, Once lived a life of sin nothing spectacular, of course, Just the usual things. We smile, we are not surprised. Unlikely though it seem, we too one day May grow up like him, d ropping our follies like old clothes or creeds.

Sample Resume Maurices Store - 1250 Words

The company that I chose to do my presentation on is Maurices Store. I worked in retail as a manager for 12 years at the former County Seat and one of my assistants is still working retail as a manager at Maurices here in Dubuque. I was interested in choosing retail sales because it is where I started and I wanted to see how it has changed over the years. Maurices was founded in 1931 by E. Maurice Labovitz and is now owned by Ascena Retail Group, Inc. Maurices home office in located in Duluth, Minnesota, the site of its very first store. What started in 1931 as a small women s fashion shop in Duluth, Minnesota, has grown to over 800 stores in 44 states across the country. Maurices is the leading small town specialty store and authority for the savvy, fashion conscious customer with a twenty-something attitude. For seven decades, Maurices has stayed true to their high standards for fashion, value and great customer service. Their styles are inspired by the girl in everyone in every size. Maurices selling process involves 7 steps they are: SELebration, Liv Ready, First Moments, Building the Selling Experience, Fitting Room, Follow-up, Final Moments. Associates are trained through visual training on iPad, vidcast training on iPad, reading materials on training iPad. Each associate deserves a consistent experience when starting their shift. In a tam selling environment, continuous associate growth is necessary to achieve successful team results. The SEL (manager on duty)Show MoreRelatedHistory of Mcdonald6287 Words   |  26 PagesMcDonald s Corporation. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_McDonald%27s McDonald’s is a company which has a colorful history and developed the culture associated with the Fast Food Chain today. In 1937, the McDonald’s brother Richard and Maurice opened the first McDonald’s restaurants in America; it was a freestanding business that offered until then an unthought-of concept. The main items they then sold were beef or pork burgers, fries and drinks. Their restaurant were set up differentlyRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagestransfers if it means sacrificing family or leisure time. Organizations that do get employees to relocate often must offer employment assistance for spouses. Such assistance can include contacting other employers, providing counseling and assistance in resume development, and hiring employment search firms to assist the relocated spouse. Additionally, balancing work and family concerns has particular career implications for 10 Section 1 HR Management—Strategies and Environment women, becauseRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesDeciding When to Delegate 464 Deciding to Whom to Delegate 465 Deciding How to Delegate Effectively 465 Review of Delegation Principles 470 International Caveats 471 443 SKILL ANALYSIS 474 Cases Involving Empowerment and Delegation 474 Minding the Store 474 Changing the Portfolio 475 SKILL PRACTICE 476 Exercises for Empowerment 476 Executive Development Associates 476 Empowering Ourselves 480 Deciding to Delegate 481 CONTENTS xiii SKILL APPLICATION 483 Activities for Empowerment and Delegation